上海2017年高二英语下期期末考试网上考试练习

1. 语法填空

详细信息

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. To Kill A Mockingbird (Excerpt I) By Harper Lee I was fairly sure Boo Radley was inside that house, but I couldn’t prove it, and felt it best to keep my mouth shut or I would be accused 【1】 believing in Hot Steams, phenomena I was immune to in the daytime. Jem parceled out our roles: I was Mrs. Radley, and 【2】 I had to do was come out and sweep the porch. Dill was old Mr.Radley: he walked up and down the sidewalk and coughed when Jem spoke to him. Jem, naturally, was Boo: he went under the front steps and screamed from time to time. 【3】 the summer progressed, so did our game. We polished and perfected it, and added dialogue and plot until we had manufactured a small play upon which we rang changes every day. Dill was a villain’s villain: he could get into any character part 【4】 (assign)him, and appear tall if height was part of the cruelty required. He was as good as his worst performance; his worst performance was Gothic. I reluctantly played various ladies who entered the script. I never thought it as much fun as Tarzan, and I played that summer with more than vague anxiety 【5】 Jem’s assurances that Boo Radley was dead and nothing would get me, with him and Calpurnia there in the daytime and Atticus home at night. Jem was a born hero. It was a blue little drama, 【6】 (weave) from bits and pieces of gossip and neighborhood legend: Mrs. Radley had been beautiful until she married Mr Radley and lost all her money. She also lost most of her teeth, her hair, and her right forefinger; she sat in the living room and cried most the time, 【7】. Boo slowly whittled(消减) away all the furniture in the house. The three of us were the boys 【8】 got into trouble; I was the judge, for a change; Dill led Jem away and crammed him beneath the steps, poking him with the brushbroom. Jem would reappear as needed in the shapes of the sheriff, various townsfolk, and Miss Stephanie Crawford, who had more to say about the Radleys than anybody in Maycomb. When it was time to play Boo’s big scene, Jem would sneak into the house, steal the scissors from the sewing-machine drawer when Calpurnia’s back 【9】 (turn), then sit in the swing and cup up newspapers. Dill would walk by, cough at Jem, and Jem would pretend a plunge into Dill’s thing. From 【10】. I stood it looked real.

2. 语法填空

详细信息

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. What the Bible Says About Money Most people know Sean Hyman form his regular appearances on Fox Business, CNBC, and Bloomberg Television, but what they don’t know is that Sean is a former minister, and that his secret to 【1】 (invest)is hidden within the Bible. Perhaps 【2】 can explain why, despite his mysterious ability to predict accuate moves in the stock market, Sean is often laughed at for his unique strategy for investing. For example, a few months ago Sean appeared on Bloomberg Television. At that time, Best Buy 【3】 (drop) to all-time lows of $16 a share. Sean predicted the stock 【4】 go down to $11 a share, and would then quickly rebound to $25 per share, and after that would restore to 40 per share over the next year. Another commentator on the show actually challenged Sean for his prediction, saying “$40 on Best Busy? If that’s the case Apple is going to $1500. That’s the most ridiculous thing I have ever heard! (Editor’s Note: At the time, Apple was trading at $650 per share.) Within a few weeks, Sean would receive the last laugh. Best Buy dropped down to $11.20 a share and has since rebounded to $30 a share, 【5】 (continue) its path to $40…. exactly as Sean predicted. (Ironically, Apple has dropped down to about $400 per share.) During a recent private dinner with Sean, once he 【6】 (bless) the food, I wasted no time 【7】 (ask) him what his secret is for investing so successfully. I expected Sean to say that it was his years of experience at Charles Schwab or perhaps one of the complicated algorithms(算法) he uses for timing the stock market. 【8】 when Sean responded that his secret was the Bible, I was thoroughly shocked. Yes, I knew Swan was a Christian. However, people usually keep their faith separate from things like…investing. But not Swan. For Sean, the Bible is his foundation for investing. He explained to me 【9】 there is actually a “Bible Money Code” hidden into Scripture. Certain investment Giants, Sean says, such as Warren Buffett and John Templeton, 【10】 (already use) this code to store up billions. Finally, Sean used the teachings of King Solomon and Jesus of Nazareth to show how anyone can get out of debt…make sound investments…and morally build substantial wealth.

3. 短文填空

详细信息

Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need. Here is a lesson that we’re going to be taught again and again in the coming years: Most animals are not just animals. They’re also 【1】 of microbes (微生物). If you really want to understand the animal, you also have to understand the world of microbes inside them. In other words, zoology is ecology. Consider the western corn rootworm---- a beetle that’s a serious pest of corn in the US. The adults have strong preferences for laying eggs in corn fields, so that their underground larvae (幼虫) hatch into a 【2】 of corn roots. This life cycle depends on a continuous year-on-year supply of corn. Farmers can use this dependency against the rootworm, by planting soybean and corn in alternate years. These rotations (轮流) mean that rootworms lay eggs into corn fields but their larvae hatch among soybean, and die. But the rootworms have 【3】 to this strategy by reducing their strong 【4】 for laying eggs in corn. These “rotation-resistant” females might lay among soybean fields, so their larvae hatch into a crop of corn. There are almost certainly genetic differences that separate the rotation-resistant rootworms from their normal 【5】. Researchers at the University of Illinois began to study the genes of the bacteria in its gut (肠) and found some answers, after focusing on the rootworm’s own genes and found that the results were mostly inconclusive. “The bad guy in the story----the western corn rootworm---was actually part of a multi-species plot,” says Joe Spencer, who was part of the study. “No wonder it was hard to figure out what was happening. We were only looking at the most obvious 【6】 of the story.” If you really want to understand the animal, you also have to understand the microbes. The rootworm’s gut bacteria are effectively another one of its organs, but an 【7】 flexible on that can change dramatically when 【8】 to a new food source. This allows the insects to adapt very quickly to environmental challenges, far more quickly than if they could only rely on mutations (突变) in their own genes. Spencer says, “Modern agriculture has always underestimated the ability of pests to avoid pest control, and I think the 【9】 that pest insects are not alone in their efforts should give us some 【10】. There is a brand new tiny world out there inside every creature, and we need to start thinking seriously about it.”

4. 完形填空

详细信息

In a development that would have seemed hardly possible just over a decade ago, many of us have gained constant access to information. If we need to find out the score of a ballgame, learn how to perform a complicated mathematical task, or simply remember the name of the actress in the movie we are viewing, we need only turn to our ____ or smart phones and we can find the answers immediately. It has become such an ordinary ____ to look up the answer to any question the moment it occurs. It can feel like going through withdrawal when we can’t find out something immediately. We are seldom offline unless by choice and the Internet, with its search engines like Baidu and Google and the information stored there, has become an ____ memory source that we can access at any time. Storing information externally is nothing particularly ____, even before the invention of computers. In any group relationship, people typically develop a transactive(交换式) memory, which is a combination of memory stores held directly by individuals and the memory stores they can ____ because they are in touch with someone who knows that information. Like ____ computers that can address each other’s memories, people in groups form transactive memory systems. In a rec arch led by Besty Sparrow of Columbia University, researchers have ____whether having online access to search engines has become a primary transactivc memory source in itself. If asked the question whether there are any countries with only one color in their flag, for example, do we think about flags — or immediately think to go online to find out the answer? In one experiment, the participants were asked to read 40 memorable unimportant statements of the type that they could ____ online (e.g., an ostrich’s eye is bigger than its brain). Then they were asked to type the statements into computer to assure memory. Half the participants believed the computer would save what was typed and the other half believed the item would be ____. After the reading and typing task, participants wrote down as many of the statements as they could ____. It turned out that participants who believed the computer would erase what they had typed had ____ recall than those who regarded the computer as the memory source. The Internet has become a primary form of transactive memory, and processes of human memory are ____ to the new computing and communication technology. Just as we learn through transactive memory who knows what in our families and offices, we are learning what the computer “knows” and when we should attend to where we have stored information in our computer-based memories. The importance of the information from the Internet is almost ____ to that of all the knowledge we gain from our friends and coworkers—and lose if they are out of touch. The experience of losing our Internet connection becomes more and more like losing a ____. We must always remain ____ to know what the Internet knows. 【1】A.televisions B.newspapers C.dictionaries D.laptops 【2】A.practice B.custom C.regulation D.routine 【3】A.additional B.external C.aggressive D.significant 【4】A.traditional B.new C.amazing D.unique 【5】A.obtain B.create C.access D.exchange 【6】A.professional B.updated C.feasible D.linked 【7】A.explored B.discussed C.experienced D.investigated 【8】A.track down B.look up C.take in D.bring about 【9】A.disappeared B.increased C.erased D.broken 【10】A.guess B.remember C.claim D.announce 【11】A.better B.high C.temporary D.shorter 【12】A.contributing B.adding C.tending D.adapting 【13】A.peculiar B.beneficial C.equal D.superior 【14】A.assistant B.library C.friend D.dictionary 【15】A.backed up B.taken out C.called off D.plugged in

5. 阅读理解

详细信息

It doesn’t matter if books are delivered in print or by smart phone; the main thing is to get lost in reading them. Reading books is vital for human development. Why should we bother reading a book? All children say this occasionally. Many of the 12 million adults in Britain with reading difficulties repeat it to themselves daily. In a world of advanced technology, increasing time poverty and decreasing attention should they invest precious time sinking into a good book? The discovery that our brains are physically changed by the experience of reading is something many of us will understand instinctively, as we think back to the way an extraordinary book had a transformative effect on the way we viewed the world. This transformation only takes place when we lose ourselves in a book, abandoning the emotional and mental chatter of the real world. That’s why studies have found this kind of deep reading makes us more sensitive to the inner lives of others. Reasoningly, we know that reading is the foundation stone of all education, and therefore an essential basis of the knowledge economy. So reading is - or should be - an aspect of public policy. But perhaps even more significant is its emotional role as the starting point for individual voyages of personal development and pleasure. Books can open up emotional, imaginative and historical landscapes that equal and extend the corridors of the web. They can help create and strengthen our sense of self. If reading were to decline significantly, it would change the very nature of our species. However, technology throws up as many solutions as it does challenges: for every door it closes, another opens. So the ability, offered by devices like e-readers, smart phones and tables, to carry an entire library in your hand is an amazing opportunity. Publishers need to use every new piece of technology to embed (嵌入) long-form reading within our culture 【1】According to the author, what attitude do the British hold towards reading? A.No child in Britain likes reading nowadays. B.Many people in Britain are at a loss as to the function of reading. C.British people are more interested in others’ lives. D.British people consider reading a waste of time. 【2】Which one is NOT the reason why we should read? A.Reading can promote the development of human species. B.Without reading, education does not happen. C.Reading can physically change our brain. D.Reading can lead to personal pleasure. 【3】When will the transformative effect of reading happen? A.When we forget ourselves. B.When the real world doesn’t matter to us. C.When books open up a new landscape to us. D.When we are buried in deep reading. 【4】Why should reading be an aspect of public policy? A.Because otherwise no one bothers to read. B.Because reading can bring economic benefit indirectly. C.Because reading is the starting point of individual voyage. D.Because books are the extension of the web.

6. 阅读理解

详细信息

So many girls are raised thinking that the world is perfect and they will grow up to be a princess. I know that when I have my daughter, I’ll probably tell her stories of Peria, Ancient Egypt and Sparta. I don’t really want my daughter to grow up to be a Princess; I want her to grow up to be a Spartan woman. I don’t want to be the father who tells his daughter all of these tales of happy endings, and she gets older only to find out they were all lies. Most of those stories from our youth were great, I think there was some truth to them, but I don’t think it was explained all that well. I can remember stories, those things my mother said She told me fairy tales, before I went to bed Spoke of happy endings, then tacked me in real tight She turned my night light on, and kissed my face good night My mind would fill with visions, of perfect paradise She told me everything, she said he’d be so nice He’d ride up on his horse and, take me away on night I’d be so happy with him, we’d ride clean out of sight She never said that we would, curse, cry and scream and lie She never said that maybe, someday he’d say goodbye ——Anita Baker Fairy Tales I always loved that song as a child. Now, take for example, Cinderella, Belle, Ariel, Jasmine, Mulan, Pocahontas, and Nala. I’m going to break this down in a way that will relate this to the real world in the most realiest way ever. Cinderella—She lived in a city with mad people. She basically got treated like garbage from her family because she was pretty. But Cinderella was one chick in that whole city. That’s the only woman in die city who ended up getting a Prince. Remember the scene at the ball? How many of those women showed up looking for a Prince and the shoe didn’t fit? Think about that in today’s terms: So many women want a Barack, but there’s only one Michelle out of all those women in the world. That was the same for Cinderella story, you can’t possibly think that everyone can find a Prince. Belle—Many of you know how I feel about “faith-based” relationships. Faith is the belief in things not seen. She had to learn to love a Beast in order to get her Prince. But think about how many women will turn to Gaston because he looks good on paper and miss out on their Prince. Your mother told you not to bring home any ugly babies. The Beast never had a chance. Ariel—Ariel had to learn to shut the heck up to get a man. Jasmine—She was looking for love, and her dad was trying get $30,000 by getting her casted on Teen Mom. She ended up dating a homeless guy who was convinced he was a Prince. Turn out he was a nice guy, but she had to learn to trust a man with her heart and that’s hard work. Mulan—She had to pretend to be a man to get a man. Pocahontas—She had to fight a war and teach white folks (who would later end up killing off all her peoples) to survive. Nala—Spartan. That’s all you can say, she had to go get her man who had forgotten who he was and ran away from his home. Then she managed to get pregnant on the first night! That’s Spartan. But you’ve got to ask yourself, arc most of the women we know as strong willed as these fairy tale women were? And while we’re thinking about all of this, let’s think about the men. Cinderella’s Prince—He had to try and slide a glass slipper on a bunch of rathchets and hoppers just to find his Princess. Ariel’s Prince—He had to kill a super-saiyan sea monster to get his Princess. Aladdin—He had to go into the desert, get a genie, a magic carpet, a parrot and kill a wizard to get with Princess Jasmine. Simba—He had to go back to the place where his pops was murdered and fight his Uncle, which required him to not only beat a bunch of hyenas, but then he got fire thrown in his eyes. Ask yourself another question, do you really think the men of today are trying to do all that for their Princess? The reality of life is that while your mother told you that you’d grow up to be a Princess, they never told you that Princes sow their royal oats before settling down. You’ll have to wait for him to finish sowing and decide he wants to be a Prince, ask Kate Middleton. Your mother told you that you could one day be the Princess, but she never told you that the Prince would have options. Your mother told you that a man was going to sweep you off your feet, but she never told you that most men don’t chase women any more. You’re going to have to figure out how to make him sit still. In real life we can count all the happy endings we know on our hands. Maybe your mother should have told you this when you went to bed at night: When you get older you’re going to find a man to marry and you’ll get to pick out the best wedding dress in the world. People will come from far to see it. You’ll have to take your dress though. It will be free, you know we love free. It will be beautiful and it will make you look like a Princess. In fact, it will be televised for everyone to see. The whole world will be matching. But baby? There is only one Vera Wang dress and there’s a nasty b*tch that wants it more than you do. So if you truly want that fairy tale wedding, and you want the best wedding dress in the world, you are going to need to kill that b*tch and take what’s yours. Now get some rest we got work to do in the morning. There’s only room enough for one Princess. 【1】How many women characters in the fairy tales are mentioned in the passage? A.7 B.8 C.10 D.11 【2】Who finally found Jasmine after experiencing so many hardships? A.Gaston B.Aladdin C.Simba D.Spartan 【3】Which of the following is the best title for this passage? A.Never Have All the Eggs in One Basket. B.Prince and Princess Tie the Knot by Killing the Wizard. C.There Always Exists a Stepmother in Fairy Tales. D.The Real Truth Behind Fairy Tale Relationships.

7. 阅读理解

详细信息

Years ago, social scientists introduced the broken-windows theory of crime control, which assumed that if a neighborhood looked orderly and cared for—with no broken windows—potential wrong doers would be discouraged from committing crimes there. Now psychologists have proposed a similar theory, which suggests that people can behave morally when their environment smells as clean as it looks. It’s the Macbeth principle of morality, says Katie Liljenquist, professor of organizational leadership at Brigham Young University’s Marriott School of Management and lead author of the new study, to be published in Psychological Science. “There is a strong link between moral and physical purity that people associate at an essential level. People feel guilty by immoral choices and try to wash away their evil,” says Liljenquist. “To some degree, washing actually is effective in relieving guilt. What we wondered was whether you could regulate moral behavior through cleanliness. We found that we could.” In two separate experiments, researchers were able to influence participants’ behavior by exposing them to “cleanliness” in the form of a common cleaning agent’s smell—in this case, orange-scented Windex (清新剂). It turned out that people who sat in a room sprayed with Windex were more likely to act fairly and charitably than those in unscented air. The first experiment involved an anonymous (faceless) game of trust. The 28 study participants were told they would be “receivers,” with whom a group of anonymous “senders” had been instructed to invest money. Participants were told that each sender had been given $ 4 and told that any part of it invested with receivers would be three times. The job of the receiver, then, was to decide what portion of the profits to return to the sender. In reality, there was no sender, and each study participant received $12, making it seem as though the senders had entrusted them with the full $ 4 they had been given. But would the receivers return that trust or exploit their unidentified investors? On average, those in the plain-smelling room returned $2.5 to the sender, pocketing the lion’s share of the money. But those bathed in the scent of Windex sent back an average of $ 5.5, returning the senders’ blind faith. The scientists insist they didn’t overdo it with the Windex, just a few spritzes(喷)—so we can rule out brain-cell death or intoxication(陶醉)-induced generosity as reasons why those receivers gave back so much of the stolen property. Rather, Liljenquist says, “a moral awareness was awakened in a clean-smelling environment.” In the second experiment, researchers aimed to handle people’s tendency toward charity. Ninety-nine participants were assigned to either a Windex-scented room or a neutral-smelling room and given a packet of tasks to complete. Included in the packet was a flyer requesting volunteers and donations to the charity Habitat for Humanity. As expected, people in the Windex-sprayed room preferred to volunteer and give money than those in the unscented room—22% of those in the clean group said they wanted to donate money, compared with 6% of the controls. According to co-author Adam Galinsky, a social psychologist at Northwestern University’s Kellogg School of Management，society relies on incentives(刺激，动机), in the form of rewards and punishments, to encourage people to adjust to certain standards of behavior. “Economists and even psychologists haven’t been paying much attention to the fact that small changes in our environment can have dramatic effects on behavior. We underemphasize these subtle environmental cues,” he says. 【1】In what situation could crimes rates be dramatically reduced according to the broken-windows theory? A.People lived in a clean environment. B.People stayed in a pleasant smelling surroundings. C.Teenagers are born and bred in a well-raised family. D.Teenagers live and study along with virtuous peers in a wealthy community. 【2】What did participants in the plain-smelling room do in the first experiment? A.They contributed all the money they gain to the “senders”. B.They put a small amount of the gains into their own pocket. C.They put the largest share of the gains into their own pocket. D.They put all the gains from the investment into their own pocket. 【3】According to the scientists who conducted the experiments, the participants’ fair and charitable behavior could be attributed to ____________. A.the special kind of odor which made them feel pleasant B.intoxication provided by the citrus-scented Windex C.the unscented air the participants breathed D.common cleaning agents’ odor 【4】The scientists in the experiments might agree that it is more beneficial for factory owners to provide ________. A.a good educational program for their employees. B.rich bonus for their employees. C.a good welfare system for their employees. D.a clean smelling environment

8.

详细信息

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there is one sentence more than you need. Best and Brightest BAMA Companies has been making pies and biscuits in Oklahoma since 1920s. But the company is struggling to find Okies with the skills to fill even its most basic factory jobs. Graduates of local schools are often unable to read or do simple maths. This is why the company recently decided to open a new factory in Poland—its first in Europe. 【1】. Before 2000 half of the country’s rural adults had finished only primary school. Yet international rankings now put the country’s students well ahead of America’s in science and maths. What is Poland doing right? And what is America doing wrong? Amanda Ripley, an American journalist, seeks to answer such questions in The Smart kids in the World, her new book about the schools that are working around the globe. If most exams quantify students’ ability to memorize material, the PISA test aims to assess their effectiveness at problem-solving. Since 2000 it has been administered to millions of teenagers in more than 40 countries, with surprising results. Pupils in Finland, South Korea, Japan and Canada consistently score much higher than their peers in Germany, Britain, America and France. To understand what is happening in these classrooms, Mrs Ripley follows three American teenagers who spend a year as foreign-exchange students in Finland, Poland and South Korea. In each country, the Americans are startled by how hard their new peers work and how seriously they take their studies. Maths classes tend to be more sophisticated. 【2】. And teachers in every subject exhibit the authority of Professionals. Ms.Ripley credits Poland’s swift turnaround to Miroslaw Handke, the former minister of education. When he entered the post in 1997, Poland’s economy was growing but Poles seemed fated do the low-skilled jobs that other Europeans did not want. So he launched an impressive program of school reforms, with a new core curriculum and standardized tests. Yet his most effective change was also his vaguest: he expected the best work from all of his pupils. He decided to keep all Polish children in the same schools until they were 16, delaying the moment when some would have entered vocational tracks. 【3】 Not every story of academic success is a happy one. In South Korea Ms. Ripley finds a “Culture of educational masochism(受虐狂),” where pupils study at all hours in the hope of securing a precious spot in one of country’s three distinguished universities. 【4】. Even so, South Korea offers some good lessons for how quickly a country can change its fate. A. Poland is a developed and democratic country, with a high-income economy, and a very high standard of living. B. Poland’s swift rise in PISA rankings is largely the result of the high scores of these supposedly non-academic children. C. The country may have one of the highest school-graduation rates in the world, but children appear miserable. D. The PISA for Development initiative aims to encourage and facilitate PISA participation of interested and motivated low-and-middle-income countries E. Poland has made some dramatic gains in education in the past decade. F. Classrooms tend to be free of the high-tech devices of their schools back home.

9.

详细信息

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. Stress for a teenager is as real a problem as stress for an adult. Therefore, it’s important to understand the causes of stress in teenagers. When parents change their jobs or if the family decides to move to a different place, the child has to change schools, fid new friends, adapt to the new social circle and fit into new groups. It is always difficult for children to adapt to such changes, which can be a serious cause of stress in their life. Academic difficulties, such as inability to understand a certain subject can cause stress. Not every child has the ability to understand every subject. Some kids need extra help besides school work to grasp a few concepts. Poor academic performance is often laughed at and is looked down upon by both teachers and peers. In such cases, it can make the child feel isolated, neglected and hurt. All of this, put together, can add to stress, which many times worsens grades. Extra curricular activities such as playing a sport, or attending art classes can weigh heavily on your child’s mind. Balancing school and extra curricular activities does seem like a burden when you have to be outstanding at both. When the pressures from both the ends get unmanageable, teenagers tend to get tired and annoyed. Tiredness sets in, leading to stress related issues such as lack of concentration in school. These are the common causes of stress in teenager, which can be noticed through signs such as poor memory, anxiety, negative and pessimistic attitude. If the signs of teenage stress go unrecognized for a long time, it can make the child emotionally out of balance. And next step, if this happens, it is necessary for parents to know how to deal with stress.

10. 翻译	详细信息
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 【1】是在端午节时孩子们一般会戴上五彩丝线来辟邪。（It） 【2】你是否怀疑邮给你的这封信早已被人拆开又秘密封上了呢？（doubt） 【3】只有通过发布新的电子产品，他们才能在国内和国际市场上击败竞争对手。（Only） 【4】昨天我本应该给他钢琴伴奏的，但是有消息说他取消了这次音乐会，因为他被牵扯到一起严重的交通事故中。（suppose）

11. 书面表达

详细信息

Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. “Stay hungry. Stay foolish.” 这是前苹果公司CEO斯蒂夫乔布斯（Steve Jobs）在2005年斯坦福大学毕业演讲时与学生共勉的一句话。请以此为话题写一篇短文，谈谈你对这句话的理解。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________