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Micro-Enterprise Credit for Street Youth Introduction Although small-scale business training and credit programs have become more common throughout the world, relatively little attention has been paid to the need to direct such opportunities to youth living on the street or in difficult circumstances. Over the past years, Street Kids International (S.K.I.) has been working with partner organizations in Africa, Latin Africa and India to support the economic lives of street children. The purpose of this paper is to share some of the lessons S.K. I. and our partner organizations have learned. Background Typically, children end up on the streets not due to a single cause, but a combination of factors: the lack of adequately funded schools, the demand for income at home and so on. The street may be attractive to children as a place to find adventurous play and money. However, it is also a place where some children are exposed, with little or no protection, to exploitative employment, and urban crime. Street Business Partnerships S.K.I. has worked with partner organizations in Latin America, Africa and India to develop innovative opportunities for street children to earn income. ● The S.K.I Bicycle Courier Service first started in the Sudan. Participants in this enterprise were supplied with bicycles, which they used to deliver parcels and messages, but they were required to pay for it gradually from their wages. ● The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia is a joint program with the Red Cross Society. Street Youths are supported to start their own small business through business training, life skills training and access to credit. Lessons Learned The following lessons have emerged from the programs that S.K.I. and partner organizations have created. ● It’s important for all loans to be linked to training programs that include the development of basic business and life skills. ● Small loans are provided initially for purchasing fixed assets such as bicycles, shoe shining kits. ● All S.K.I. programs have charged interest on the loans, primarily to get the business runners used to the concept of paying interest on borrowing money. Generally the rates have been modest. Conclusion There is a need to recognize the importance of access to credit for poor young people seeking to fulfill economic needs. 21.The organization, S.K.I., aims to _________________. A. give business training and loans to street children B. provide schools and social support for street children C. share the lessons S.K. I. learned to help street children D. draw the attention of the government to street children 22.This passage implies that with the help of S. K. I. street children may _________________. A. reject paid employment B. set up their own business C. leave their families D. employ other children 23.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A. The link of all loans to training programs is important. B. Interest is charged for the loans in all S.K.I. programs. C. The S.K.I Bicycle Courier Service provides the participants with free bicycles. D. The Youth Skills Enterprise Initiative in Zambia works with another organization.
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My father’ s family is not a musical family. They are a family of words. My brother has my father’s dark hair, his love of a good argument. I take after my mother. From her I inherited a curious nature, a sense of adventure, bright red hair. I did not, contrary to her hopes, inherit a talent for the piano. That fact was established beyond doubt after unsuccessful attempts to draw music from me. The piano lessons began when I was four. My mother was convinced that I would be a child Mozart. She found the ideal teacher--Madame Oblenka, a strict Russian woman, whose pursed lips were enough to frighten a wild horse into submission. Madame Oblenka, who expected a little Mozart, was not very delighted to find a little girl banging her fists on the keys. I tried to please her. “Feel the music,” she urged. I “felt” it and winced (退避) my ear--for what is more unpleasant than a series of wrong notes played continuously? She “felt” my music, too, which is why she always left with an angrier expression than when she came. Once, when I was ten, I managed to record one of my own rehearsals (练习). In order to escape my practice sessions, I would close myself behind the door of the piano room, put on the tape recording, and read until the tape had finished. That method worked for a week, until my mother began to wonder why I always missed the same B-sharp. She knocked on the door, and, receiving no answer, came in to check on me and found that I had fallen asleep while the tape of my performance played on and on. I was twelve when my parents finally acknowledged that my hidden talent was not about to emerge any time soon. My mother, refusing to admit defeat, told me to pick another instrument. “Choose anything you want, Honey,” she said, assuming that freedom of choice would inspire devotion. I thought long and hard and chose the drums. My parents, sensitive to noise, would be less than overjoyed by a daily bombardment of playing. I imagined my father in his study, cotton wads in his ears. I worked my way through several other instruments before my mother hit on another idea. Maybe I wasn’t meant to be an instrumentalist. Realizing that drama might be more suited to my talents, Mom took me to a drama teacher. However, he put me backstage, painting scenery. Once I recovered from my sense of injury, I realized the wisdom of his choice. I loved the active, practical backstage world, and I discovered that I had a knack for constructing and painting. I loved the challenge of taking our scanty (贫乏) supplies and using them to make something beautiful. Imagining a scene and then seeing it emerge before me--this, to me, was close to magic. I’m a sculptor now, and every day I experience afresh the joy of being fully absorbed in the act of artistic creation. It’s a wonderful, blissful (乐而忘忧) feeling. I realize that my parents, in their misguided attempts to interest me in music, were trying to give me this feeling. And now I feel grateful. Perhaps they went about it in the wrong way, but their hearts were in the right place. 24.The underlined word “emerge” in the fifth paragraph can be replaced by _____. A. disappear B. fail C. turn D. show 25.Which of the following best reveals the author’s attitude towards piano practice? A. She tried to make the piano teacher pleased. B. She repeated the same mistake in practicing. C. She played the recording instead of practicing. D. She recorded her performance for improvement. 26.The author’s mother can be best described as __________. A. devoted and stubborn B. encouraging and independent C. helpful and considerate D. hardworking and generous 27.We can learn from the passage __________. A. art should be treated as a joy rather than a burden B. the ordinary backstage work can help one succeed C. you can only get better at something if you practice D. parents should encourage their children to create art
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Two of the saddest words in the English language are “if only”. I live my life with the goal of never having to say those words, because they convey regret, lost opportunities, mistakes, and disappointment. My father is famous in our family for saying, “Take the extra minute to do it right.” I always try to live by the “extra minute” rule. When my children were young and likely to cause accidents, I always thought about what I could do to avoid an “if only” moment, whether it was something minor like moving a cup full of hot coffee away from the edge of a counter, or something that required a little more work such as taping padding (衬垫) onto the sharp corners of a glass coffee table. I don’t only avoid those “if only” moments when it comes to safety. It’s equally important to avoid “if only” in our personal relationships. We all know people who lost a loved one and regretted that they had foregone an opportunity to say “I love you” or “I forgive you.” When my father announced he was going to the eye doctor across from my office on Good Friday, I told him that it was a holiday for my company and I wouldn’t be here. But then I thought about the fact that he’s 84 years old and I realized that I shouldn’t give up an opportunity to see him. I called him and told him I had decided to go to work on my day off after all. I know there will still be occasions when I have to say “if only” about something, but my life is definitely better because of my policy of doing everything possible to avoid that eventuality. And even though it takes an extra minute to do something right, or it occasionally takes an hour or two in my busy schedule to make a personal connection, I know that I’m doing the right thing. I’m buying myself peace of mind and that’s the best kind of insurance for my emotional well-being. 28.Which of the following is an example of the “extra minute” rule? A. Start the car the moment everyone is seated. B. Leave the room for a minute with the iron working. C. Wait for an extra minute so that the steak tastes better. D. Move an object out of the way before it trips someone. 29.The author decided to go to her office on Good Friday to ______. A. keep her appointment with the eye doctor B. meet her father who was already an old man C. join in the holiday celebration of the company D. finish her work before the deadline approached 30.The underlined word “foregone” in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ___________. A. abandoned B. lacked C. avoided D. wasted 31.W hat is the best title for the passage? A. The Emotional Well-being B. The Two Saddest Words C. The Most Useful Rule D. The Peace of Mind
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As rules, laws are people’s rights and responsibilities toward society. Laws are agreed on by society and made official by governments. Some persons look on laws with fear, hatred, or annoyance. Laws seem to limit people’s freedom to do many things they would like to do. Though laws may prevent us from doing things we wish to do at the moment, laws make everyone’s life safer and more pleasant. Without laws we could not hold on to our property; we could not go to bed at night expecting to wake up in the morning and find that we had not been robbed; no stores in which we buy food, clothes, and other necessities could stay open and sell to us. Our banks would not be safe places to keep our money. Social life would be impossible without laws to control the way people treat one another. It is not the laws that should be feared but the trouble that comes to everyone when laws are broken. Once this is understood, a citizen will not fear or hate the law. Understanding the need for good laws and the evil results of breaking laws is the first requirement of good citizenship and government. Philosophers once believed that in prehistoric time people lived without laws in a “state of nature”. People were free to do as they pleased unless someone stronger stopped them by force. As a result, life became so dangerous and unsafe that leaders had to create laws to protect life and property. This is no longer believed to be true. Scholars now think that as soon as people began living in small groups, they worked out rules for getting along with one another. In time everyone accepted and supported the rules. Manners, customs and beliefs controlled the living habits and behavior of the group. Such rules and habits of life are called folkways. Folkways are probably the real meaning of human laws, as well as of religion, morals, and education. As life became more complex, folkways became more complete guides to living. After thousands of years, some of the important folkways were put into writing as the earlier laws. And as life grew more and more complicated with faster transportation and the rise of modern industry and big cities, more human acts and interests had to be ruled by law. This led to a great increase in the number of laws. But we know that unless laws are enforced, they cannot protect us. Poorly enforced laws invite crime and violence. So we agree that the best protection against crime is planned social change and law reform -- to reduce the causes of crime and to encourage people to obey the laws. Such a solution would join a sound system of law enforcement with forces working to prevent crime. To attain this goal, all citizens must understand the need for good laws and for their enforcement. 32.Some persons look on laws with fear, hatred, or annoyance, because_____. A. they can’t do whatever they want to B. they feel it unnecessary to have laws C. laws only protect those who worked out them D. laws and rules are too complicated to understand 33.Which of the following statement is NOT TRUE? A.Without laws we may fail to hold on to our property B. In prehistoric time people lived happily without laws in a “state of nature”. C. Human laws, as well as of religion, morals, and education, are believed to originate from Folkways. D. Good citizens and government should be aware of the need for good laws and the evil results of breaking laws 34.A sound system of law enforcement is necessary because_____. A. some citizens fear or hate the law. B. poorly enforced laws cause crime and violence. C. we need someone stronger to stop crime by force. D. the evil results of breaking laws are getting fewer and fewer . 35. What’s the best title of this passage? A. The Origin of Laws B. Enforcement of Laws C. Leaders and Laws D. Laws and rules.
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Bored by the Chinese courses he was majoring in，Zuo Cheng,18，couldn’t imagine having to drag himself into class day after day，week after week，for four years. The Beijing Language and Culture University student decided that enough was enough.__36__ “It may seem like I’ve wasted a year and have to start college all over again，but now that I’ve settled on a field I’ll be able to concentrate，” Zuo said. Zuo is not alone. At the China Three Gorges University in Yichang in Hubei Province 53 out of 59 students in the Physics Department took transfer exams last semester.__37__ “__38__ Many students picked colleges before majors，only to discover their mistakes a few weeks after arrival on the campus，” said Jiang Xin,20，who was able to switch to electrical engineering and automation from physics.He said that physics graduates had few other options besides going into teaching.__39__ A new survey，of 2,500 students nationwide starting in September this year，suggests that as many as 35 percent of students are disappointed by their courses. However，Shao Yangfang，who works at the admissions office of University of International Business and Economics in Beijing， advised students to consider both shortterm and longterm goals. “After graduation do you want to find yourself in a job very specially related to your college major？Or，would you like to possess the knowledge and skills that will enable you to work in many areas？__40__ Above all，your choice of major should be based on your own interest，abilities and personality，” Shao said. A．These are the questions students need to consider. B．He added that a career in education just didn’t suit him. C．Many college students don’t care about their future career. D．Unfortunately only 22 of them got a place on another major. E．When we were at high schools very few of us understood how a major relates to a career. F． When we were at high schools，we already knew what are hot majors and what are unexpected ones. G．After rounds of exams and interviews，he managed to transfer to the Department of International Accounting.
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Robot teachers are now very popular with pupils in some primary schools in South Korea. Compared with human teachers, the robot teachers are 61._______ (patient) . They never get angry and are always kind to the students. That's 62.______ the children can always get on well with their robot teachers. English-teaching robots 63._____ (send) to three primary schools for eight weeks last December. 64. ______(equip) with a microphone and video camera, the robots teach students as teachers. Researchers found that the English-teaching robots helped raise students’ interests in the language and build up their 65. ________(confident). More and more students came to like studying and they got better grades in exams. Meanwhile, other robot teachers, 66. ________can teach math, science and art, have also been developed. Many people think these robot teachers should be used 67._______faraway village schools so that the children there can also receive a good education. 68.________(give) rural school children more learning chances, the South Korean government has expressed great interest in 69. ______(develop) these robots.No doubt there will be more and more robot teachers working with students. Perhaps they will 70. ______(complete) replace human teachers one day in the future. Who knows?
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71.Mirella approached him and, after a brief (hesitate), shook his hand. 72.He had done the job (proper), which made his boss happy with him. 73.The book is an (analyse) of poverty and its causes. 74.Neither fluency nor (accurate) is easy to come by in learning a foreign language. 75.I never thought he could do so well. It was really beyond my (预料). 76.Water is a liquid at room temperature and has a relatively high ___ (结冰的) point. 77.A local newspaper (评论) that crimes were on the decrease. 78.The other day the crowd (鼓掌) his wonderful performance for five minutes. 79.The two brothers decided to go to America to try their f . 80.What a m room! You should learn to put everything in order.
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I have a neighbor who plants a lot of potted flowers. Every morning he would sing a song as he waters the flowers. One day I asked, “You’re always very pleased with yourself. Do you always have good 41 everyday?” He said with a smile, “Look, how beautiful and 42 these flowers are, making me live in the 43 . Can’t I be happy?” On a Valentine’s Day, I bought a bouquet of roses from an old woman for my 44 . But because of our irreparable(不可修复的) disagreement, she 45 down the flowers in the presence of me. 46 , the old woman caught up with us, gave back the money to me and immediately picked up the 47 flowers from the ground. She gently stroked(轻抚) the rose petals, 48 off every grain of dust from them and said 49 , “I have made a vow to each bouquet of flowers, with my sincere blessing! Why did you throw it away? You’re not qualified to be 50 of the bouquet of flowers.” On another __51____occasion, it was a sunny day, with the surging(汹涌的)crowds and a lot of 52 . In middle of the street lay a handful of red roses. A boy was anxious to pick them up, 53 he was unable to go forward for the busy traffic. When it was his turn, he raced 54 , but the roses had been rolled to pieces. The boy picked them up, bit by bit, the remains of the flowers, slowly 55 those injured petals, held them in his hands for a long time and broke into tears in the street. Until now, I’m 56 often moved for that scene. One day, British writer Oscar Wilde walked into a flower shop and 57 to have some of the flowers taken out of the shop window. The shop clerk did as he told and asked how many he 58 buy. Wilde said, “I don’t want to buy the flowers, but I think they’re too 59 , afraid they would be crushed, so I want them to take it easy.” Knowing their sorrows and joys and caring for their pains, they are the friends of flowers. They will neither miss a butterfly flying in the sleeve nor 60 each beautiful scene of life. To be the friend of a flower is to live in the spring of the soul. 41.A. spirit B. news C. performance D. information 42.A. exciting B. inspiring C. pleasing D. satisfying 43.A. spring B. sunshine C. painting D. morning 44.A. tutor B. sweetheart C. fellow D. friend 45.A. threw B. set C. turned D. broke 46.A. Unexpectedly B. Curiously C. Unfortunately D. Hurriedly 47.A. wrinkled B. faded C. abandoned D. dried 48.A. cut B. wiped C. moved D. took 49.A. eagerly B. impatiently C. regretfully D. pitifully 50.A. director B. purchaser C. master D. maker 51.A. worried B. speechless C. hopeless D. exhausted 52.A. noise B. bicycles C. traffic D. pedestrians 53.A. and B. as C. so D. but 54.A. off B. ahead C. away D. by 55.A. cupped B. lifted C. pressed D. removed 56.A. even B. ever C. just D. still 57.A. asked B. ordered C. talked D. begged 58.A. should B. would C. might D. could 59.A. crowded B. nervous C. stressed D. tight 60.A. leave B. keep C. change D. waste
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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧）, 并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意：1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词; 2. 只允许修改10处, 多者(从第11处起)不计分。 I was real sad when I found my bicycle went wrong again. Tired of repairing it again and again, I decided buy a new one. After school, I went to a shop locating in the center of the city with a friend called Jack. The black bicycle attracted my eyes as soon as we went into the store. It looked so cool that I could hardly wait to ride it. The shopkeepers told us that it was the latest bicycle. He wanted to charge me for 800 yuan, that was too high for me. I just couldn’t afford such an expensive one. Then I choose another one, which cost him only 200 yuan. It was not perfect, so it was much better than the old one.
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假定你是李华，将于今年七月从新星外语学校毕业。你从报纸上得知 B&B 公司要招聘一名英文秘书，你很感兴趣。请给该公司写一封求职信，包括下列要点: 1. 年龄;2. 学习情况及英语水平;3. 兴趣和特长;4. 性格特点。 注意: 1. 词数120左右；2. 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 Dear Sir/Madam,
Sincerely yours, Li Hua
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