题目

In 1854, Louis Pasteur assumed the duties of a professor at a university in France. Meanwhile, he conducted studies to find out what caused milk and other drinks containing alcohol to become sour. His breakthrough came when he discovered that the souring was caused by bacteria in the liquid. He then developed a process through which the bacteria could be removed by boiling the liquid and then cooling it. This method, called pasteurization in his honor, became widespread. At that time, silk producers were suffering because the eggs of the worms that made the silk were dying from an unkno阅读材料，完成下列要求。材料一孟德斯鸠（1689-1755）曾任波尔多市法院院长，后游遍欧洲，考察各国制度，潜心著述。他认为，专制就是君王集一切权利于一身，“完全按照自己一个人一时的与反复无常的意志行事”“法律等于零”。专制君王依靠唯上是从的官吏做爪牙，借助庞大军队和严峻刑罚进行统治，可任意征收重税、没收个人财产。在此制度下，“人的命运与牲畜别无二致，只有本能、服从于惩罚”。——摘编自路易·戴格拉夫《孟德斯鸠传》材料二严复（1854-1921）曾到英国留学，后在北洋水师学堂任职，意欲培养人才建设强大海军。但官场腐朽，使他认识到办理海军教育无法施展政治抱负。1895年前后，严复深为民族前途担忧，陆续发表文章，翻译西方著作，评论史事与时政，鼓吹学习西方民主。严复尖锐批判中国专制政体：“国君则超乎法之上，可以意用法易法，而不为法所拘”“不独国主君上之权为无限也，乃至寻常一守宰，于其所治，实皆兼三权（刑、宪、政）而领之”，故无公正可言。他主张“以自由为体，以民主为用”“设议院于京师，而今天下郡县各公举其守宰”。他认为“吾国今处之形，则小己自由，尚非所急，而所以祛异族之侵横，求有立于天地之间，斯真刻不容缓之事。故所急者，乃国郡自由，非小己自由也”。他主张通过鼓民力、新民德、开民智，逐步使国家走上民主法治之路。——摘编自王拭主编《严复集》（1）根据材料一、二并结合所学知识，分别说明孟德斯鸠、严复反专制思想形成的时代背景（2）根据材料一、二并结合所学知识，指出严复的主张在那些方面与孟德斯鸠相同，有何主要差异。