备考2021年高考英语一轮复习34：任务型阅读

任务型读写

    Have you ever wondered why you sometimes take an almost immediately liking to a person you have just met? We often get the first impression of a person based on the color of a person's skin or the manner in which he or she is dressed. Meaning is conveyed not only by words or verbal(用语言的)languages but also by nonverbal communication systems, such as body behaviors.

    Nonverbal communication is important because we use the action of others to learn about their affective emotional states. Our emotions are reflected in our posture, face, and eyes—fear, joy, anger or sadness—so we can express them without even saying a word. For this reason, most of us rely heavily on what we learn through our eyes.

    Nonverbal communication is significant in human interaction because it is usually responsible for the first impressions. More importantly, those first messages usually influence the perception(观点,看法)of everything else that follows. Even how we select friends and lovers is grounded in first impressions with nonverbal communication.

    Nonverbal communication is important because it is culture-related. It is based on different beliefs, religions, values and customs in different cultures. When, where, how, and to whom people display his or her specific nonverbal behaviors is greatly affected by culture and context. Culture determines what the appropriate nonverbal behavior is. For example, feelings of friendship exist everywhere but their expression varies. It may be appropriate in some countries for man to hug each other and for women to hold hands; in other countries these displays of affection may be shocking. Each culture has its own specific interpretation on nonverbal communication. What is acceptable in one culture may be completely unacceptable in another. One culture may determine that snapping fingers to call a waiter is acceptable; another may consider this gesture rude.

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    Social anxiety is a type of anxiety problem. People with social anxiety can usually interact easily with family and a few close friends. Instead of enjoying social activities, they might fear them and avoid some of them altogether. Like other anxieties, it is a fear reaction to something that isn't actually dangerous, although the body and mind react as if the danger is real. Because the physical sensations that go with the response are real and sometimes quite strong the danger seems real. With social anxiety, a person's fears and concerns are focused on the social performance whether it's a major class presentation or small talk at the lockers. People tend to feel embarrassed and uncomfortable about being noticed or judged by others.

    Social anxiety might prevent someone from chatting with friends in the lunchroom, joining an after­school club, going to a party, or asking someone on a date. It might keep a person from volunteering an answer in class, reading aloud, or giving a presentation. It might prevent someone from acting the school play, being in the talent show, trying out for a team, or joining in a service project. It also prevents them from making the normal, everyday mistakes that help people improve their skills still further.

    Social anxiety develops because the genetic features from parents and other relatives can influence how the brain senses and controls anxiety, shyness, nervousness, and stress reactions. Meanwhile, some people are born with a shy character and tend to be cautious and sensitive in new situations and prefer what's familiar. Naturally a person's shy character can be influenced by what he or she learns from role models. If parents or others react by overprotecting a child who is shy, the child won't have a chance to get used to new situations and new people. If people born with a cautious nature have stressful experiences, social anxiety can make them even more cautious and shy. Feeling pressured to interact in ways they don't feel ready for, being criticized or insulted, or having other fears and worries can make it more likely for a shy or fearful person to develop social anxiety.

    Sometimes, but not always, medicines that reduce anxiety are used as part of the treatment. Family or friends are especially important and the right support from a few key people can help those with social anxiety gather the courage to go outside their comfort zone and try something new. Dealing with social anxiety takes patience, courage to face fears and try new things, and the willingness to practice.

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    Rather than just fix what's disturbing you, positive psychology looks to actively improve individual and organizational well-being. Here's how Havas Worldwide is working to build a happier, more energetic- and ultimately more creative workforce.

    "There is a strong relationship between employee happiness and a workforce that is productive, creative, and flourishing." he says, pointing 10 lab studies designed to test creativity after participants have been made more and less happy, which shows creative levels improve when people are happier.

    It is an approach based on a relatively new branch of psychology called "positive psychology" which, in recent years, has been adopted as a management tool by a number of Fortune 500 companies.

    “Positive psychology' is about playing to strengths- enhancing positive emotions, rather than the old approach of using psychology to fix problems." Frude explains. “How we are using it is to demonstrate skills that help boost an individual's sense of well-being- for example, ways of building resilience (复原力)，or becoming more positive, or better managing your emotions in a positive direction by understanding what boosts or rewards you can give yourself to cause a positive emotional uplift.

    Build happiness and well-being among staff and in an organization will benefit from a more emotionally intelligent workforce: people who not only understand their own and other people's emotions but can manage their own and other people's emotions in a more effective way, too, which is what inspired Russ Lidstone, CEO of creative agency Havas Worldwide London whose clients include Credit Suisse, Santander, and Durex—to ask Frude and his company, the Happiness Consultancy, to help boost levels of happiness, well-being, and resilience in his agency's 240-strong workforce.

    "The notion that 40% of your brain can be trained to adapt is an interesting one. Another selling point for me is that a freed mind in a more confident and secure individual is more likely to feel free to express itself in different, innovative, and ultimately more creative ways."

    What all this means in practice is that, between now and the end of the year, every member of the 240-member staff based at Havas Worldwide's offices in London and Manchester will undertake a four-week course in positive psychology run by Frude.

    Each two-hour session is designed to share techniques, approaches, and interventions participants can then put into practice in the workplace. Then participants report back the following week.

    "This isn't about "fixing' a specific problem but making the organization work even better."

    Professor Frude insists "It's about helping individuals to get more out of their lives and enabling mangers 10 recognize the potential positive (and negative) impact that can come from putting people with a particular outlook into a team."

    Though these are early days, Lidstone says the experience has already affected his approach as CEO. Frude adds:" Lerning to manage your emotional wellbeing is like teaching a man to fish skill that will keep you going for a lifetime."

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Is Loneliness a Health Epidemic (流行病)?

    Over the last twenty years, more and more studies reveal increasing numbers of people experience loneliness regularly. In the face of such a situation, earlier this year, Britain appointed its first "minister for loneliness"， who is charged with dealing with what the Prime Minister called the "sad reality of modern life".

    Public­health leaders immediately praised the idea—and for good reason.In recent decades, researchers have discovered that loneliness left untreated is not just psychically painful; it also can have serious medical consequences.And numerous studies have linked loneliness to heart disease, cancer, depression, diabetes and suicide. Vivek Murthy, the former United States surgeon general, has written that loneliness is "associated with a reduction in life span similar to that caused by smoking 15 cigarettes a day and even greater than that associated with obesity"．

    Anxiety about loneliness is a common feature of modern societies. Today, two major causes of loneliness seem possible. One is that societies throughout the world have embraced a culture of individualism. More people are living alone, and aging alone, than ever. Liberal social policies have turned workers into unstable free agents, and when jobs disappear，things fall apart fast.Labor unions, civic associations, neighborhood organizations, religious groups and other traditional sources of social unity are in steady decline. Increasingly, we all feel that we're on our own.

    The other possible cause is the rise of communication technology, including smartphones, social media and the Internet.A decade ago, companies like Facebook，Apple and Google promised that their products would help create meaningful relationships and communities. On the contrary, we've used the media system to deepen existing divisions, at both the individual and group levels. We may have thousands of "friends" and "followers" on Facebook and Instagram, but when it comes to human relationships, it turns out there's no choice but to build them the old­fashioned way, in person.

    But is loneliness, as many political officials and experts are warning，a growing "health epidemic"? I don't believe so, nor do I believe it helps anyone to describe it that way. Social disconnection is a serious matter, yet if we arouse a panic over its popularity and impact, we're less likely to treat it properly.

    In places like the United States and Britain, it's the poor, unemployed，displaced and migrant populations that suffer most from loneliness. Their lives are unstable, and so are their relationships. When they get lonely, they are the least able to get adequate social or medical support.

    I don't believe we have a loneliness epidemic.But millions of people are suffering from social disconnection. Whether or not they have a minister for loneliness，they deserve more attention and help than we're offering today.

Directions: Read the following. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

A. Research has shown that different threats push different psychological buttons. B. It's also important that the content and tone of communications speak to the intended audience. C. Giving people concrete, detailed actions to take can help reduce panic and overreaction when a new threat emerges. D. In response, psychologists are helping governments and other groups communicate real risk levels to the public to help make sure actions meet needs. E. The discipline is very straightforward: Identify the few things that people most need to know and figure out how to explain them in clear, trustworthy terms. F. We need to step back and allow for high emotions and missteps by people as long as we help them make well-informed decisions that eventually protect them.

Framing risk, reducing panic

    For four decades, psychologists have studied how people see risk and what causes them to overreact to terrorist attacks and other extreme events. Those misplaced reactions can lead to the shame of people and prevention of daily activities, causing a new set of problems on top of a current crisis.

Timely, honest communication from a source an audience considers credible is essential to containing fear, but governments have the tough job of explaining risk and telling people how to act without also seeding alarm.

Messages may be more helpful when delivered in creative formats. Visuals are very powerful. We can't just tell people things, we have to show them. When people are using the more primary part of their brain, visuals are more powerful than our higher order tools, including language.

    People can understand just about anything if you do your job right as a communicator. That includes keeping it simple and communicating what people need to know, versus what is nice to know, expressing risk in numbers--"there's a 30 percent chance of rain"--and reminding people of the opportunity cost of waiting for more evidence.

    Psychologists working in the field of risk communication assume we have too much control through our messaging.

Directions: Read the passage carefully. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need.

A. Those with a slower pace also scored less well in physical exercises such as hand-grip strength and biological markers of good health. B. There are already signs in early life of who would become the slowest walkers. C. In fact, based on a new series of experiments, they now believe the slower a person's tendency to walk, the less able their brain. D. Brain scanning during their final assessment at 45 showed the slower walkers tended to have lower total brain volume and less brain surface area. E. Until now, however, no one knew it could signify underlying brain health so much earlier in life. F. Researchers performed walking speed analysis on hundreds of middle-aged people, comparing their psychological results.

    Slower Walkers Have Slower Minds, Scientists Reveal

    Of all human activities, few are so readily credited with enhancing the power of the mind as going for a good walk. However, those who assume that strolling along at a gentle pace is the symbol of superior intellect should think again, scientists have said.

    Doctors have long used walking speed to gain a quick and reliable understanding of older people's mental capability, as it is increasingly recognized that pace is associated with not only muscular strength but also the central nervous system. The relationship was so obvious, however, that the US scientists now say walking tests could be used to provide an early indication of dementia(痴呆).

    Published in the Journal of the American Medical Association, the study revealed an average difference of 16 IQ points between the slowest and the fastest walkers at the age of 45. This reflected both the participants' natural walking speed and the pace they achieved when asked to walk as fast as they could. Actually, slower walkers were shown to have "speeded aging" on a 19-measure scale devised by researchers, and their lungs, teeth and immune systems tended to be in worse shape than the people who walked faster.

    The 904 New Zealand men and women who were tested at 45 were tracked from the age of three, each undergoing multiple tests over the years. The long-term data collection enabled researchers to establish that kids with lower IQ scores, lower linguistic ability and weaker emotional control tended to have slower walking speeds by middle age. .

    The research team said genetic factors may explain the link between walking speed, brain capacity and physical health or that better brain health might promote physical activity, leading to better walking speed. Some of the differences in health and intellect may be the result of lifestyle choices individuals have made.

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Humor

    If you see humor as an optional form of entertainment, you're missing some of its biggest benefits: Humor makes average-looking people look cute and uninteresting people seem entertaining. Studies show that a good sense of humor even makes you seem smarter.

    Best of all, humor raises your energy, and that can have an effect on everything you do at school, at work, or in your personal life. The increase of energy will even make you more willing to exercise, and that will raise your overall energy even more.

    Humor also transports your mind away from your daily troubles. Humor lets you better understand life and sometimes helps you laugh at even the worst of your problems.

    In my experience, most people think they have a sense of humor, and to some degree that's true. But not all senses of humor are created equal. So I thought it would be useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.

    You don't have to be the joke teller in the group in order to show your sense of humor. You can be the one who directs the conversation to fun topics that are ripe for others to add humor. Every party needs a straight person. You'll appear fun and funny by association.

    When it comes to in-person humor, effort counts a lot. When people see you trying to be funny, it frees them to try it themselves. So even if your own efforts at humor fall short, you might be freeing the long kept humor in others. People need permission to be funny in social settings because there's always a risk that comes with humor. For in-person humor, quality isn't as important as you might think. Your attitude and effort count a lot.

    Some people--and I was one of them--believe that humorous complaints about the little problems of life make humor, and sometimes that is the case. The problem comes when you start doing too much complaint-based humor. One funny observation about problem in your life can be funny, but five is just complaining, no matter how smart you think you are. Funny complaints can wear people out.

    Self-deprecating(自嘲式) humor is usually the safest type, but here again you don't want to overshoot the target. One self-deprecating comment is a generous and even confident form of humor. You have to be at least a bit self-assured to laugh at yourself in front of others. But if you do it too often, you can transform in the eyes of others from a confident joker to a Chihuahua dog.

Humor
Benefits of humor	●Humor is form of . Humor can improve one's and personality. ●Humor can make one in his work, study, and life. ●Humor has a positive effect when we are in difficulties.
to follow	● others for a conversation of fun is as good as telling a joke yourself when showing your sense of humor. ●Quality counts than attitude and effort-even stupid joke can others of risk and embarrassment.
Traps to	●One humorous complaint makes funny person. But too many complaints will your audience. ●Self-deprecating comments show one's assurance. But too much deprecation will make a Chihuahua dog.

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    Driverless cars used to be the sort of thing you'd see in sci-fi films, but in 2020 they're becoming a reality. Autonomous car technology is already being developed by the likes of Lexus, BMW and Mercedes, and we've even tested Tesla's driverless Autopilot system on UK roads. Across the Atlantic, Google is developing its automated technology in the wild, and Apple is rumoured to be working with BMW on its own-probably automated-car.

    Fully-driverless tech is still at an advanced testing stage, but partially automated technology has been around for the last few years. Executive saloons like the BMW 7 Series feature automated parking, and can even be controlled remotely.

    With so much investment and interest in driverless technology, it's easy to assume that self-operating cars are likely to happen soon, but they're much further away than we might think. Before driverless vehicles go to market widely, manufacturers must deal with a range of technical and ethical challenges, and prevent the biggest threat to autonomous technology: humans.

    The human problem

    Humans present problems for autonomous cars as both drivers and pedestrians, and dealing with our unpredictable behaviour represents a significant challenge for the technology.

    The Google Car is one of the most experienced autonomous vehicles. Even so, its interaction with human drivers has given rise to the exposure of one of driverless cars' main weaknesses. The first injury involving the Google Car wasn't due to a fault in its system, but human-error. While correctly waiting at traffic lights, Google's self-driving car was hit by an inattentive driver and, in spite of its sophisticated array (复杂精密的数组) of sensors, there was little it could do to avoid the incident. Luckily, the accident only resulted in minor injury for a few of the passengers, but it's a reminder that autonomous cars are at risk when surrounded by human road users.

    Despite their sophisticated systems, self-driving cars currently have no plan B for human road users. Human drivers are able to interact with each other and make allowances, but also make countless, small mistakes when driving-mistakes to which current self-driving cars simply can't adapt.

    Dealing with pedestrians

    The way human drivers interact with pedestrians raises difficult moral and ethical questions for car manufacturers-with implications.

    Autonomous cars need to understand the way pedestrians behave, while also imitating the behaviour they'd expect from a human driver. “Everyone has a knowledge of how a human being is going to react, because we are all human beings,” says computer ethics commentator Ben Byford. “So if you walk out in front of a car, and presumably the car driver knows you're there, they're going to react in a certain way.”

    “If I walked out in front of a Google car travelling at 60mph, I have no real knowledge of how the vehicle will behave, so I'm effectively putting myself in danger.”

How  away are we from autonomous cars?
Background information	● Autonomous car technology has been  in some famous car manufacturers. ● Partially automated technology has been in  for the last few years. ● Before our roads are  with driverless vehicles, manufacturers have a lot of things to do.
about the autonomous technology	The human problem	● The Google car's accident has  one of driverless cars' weaknesses. ●  the sophisticated array of sensors, Google's self-driving car could do little to avoid the accident. ● With no alternative plan, self-driving cars cannot have a good  with human drivers.
	Dealing with pedestrians	human drivers who know pedestrians well, autonomous cars have difficulty in  their behavior, thus putting pedestrians in danger.

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    To keep the creative juices flowing, employees should be receptive to criticism

    Researchers have been curious about whether negative feedback really makes people perform better, particularly when it comes to completing creative tasks. The literature has been mixed about this. In a recent investigation, Kim, who in May will join the Cambridge Judge Business School as an assistant professor, observed –– through a field experiment and a lab experiment –– and reported on how receiving negative feedback might impact the creativity of the recipients(接受者).

    In both studies, Kim found that negative feedback can inspire or prevent creative thinking. What is most important is where the criticism comes from. When creative professionals or participants received criticism from a boss or a peer, they tended to be less creative in their subsequent work. Interestingly, if an individual received negative feedback from an employee of lower rank, they benefited from it and became more creative.

    Some aspects of these findings seem intuitive(凭直觉的). “It makes sense that employees might feel threatened by criticism from their managers,” says Kim. “Supervisors have a lot of influence in deciding promotions or pay raises. So negative feedback from a boss might cause career anxieties.” It also stands to reason that feedback from a co-worker might also be received as threatening because we often compete with our peers for the same promotions and opportunities.

    When we feel that pressure from above or from our peers, we tend to fixate on the stressful aspects of it and end up being less creative in our future work, says Kim.

    What Kim found most surprising was how negative feedback from their followers (employees that they manage) made supervisors more creative.

    “It's a bit counterintuitive(反直觉的) because we tend to believe we shouldn't criticize the boss,” says Kim. “In reality, most supervisors are willing to receive negative feedback and learn from it. It's not that they enjoy criticism –– rather, they are in a natural power position and can cope with the discomfort of negative feedback better.”

    The key takeaways: bosses and coworkers need to be more careful when they offer negative feedback to someone they manage or to their peers. And feedback recipients need to worry less when it comes to receiving criticism, says Kim.

    “The tough part of being a manager is pointing out a follower's poor performance or weak points. But it's a necessary part of the job,” says Kim. “If you're a supervisor, just be aware that your negative feedback can hurt your followers' creativity. Followers tend to receive negative feedback personally. Therefore, keep your feedback specific to tasks. Explain how the point you're discussing relates to only their task behavior, not to aspects of the person.”

    In short, anyone who wants to offer negative feedback on the job should do so attentively and sensitively and to promote creativity at work, we should all be receptive to criticism from supervisors, peers and followers.

To keep the creative juices flowing, employees should be receptive to criticism
Introduction to the topic	Experiments are conducted to find out whether negative feedback  people's performance or not.
	Negative feedback can inspire or hold back creativity,  on where the criticism comes from.
of the study	Criticism from a boss or a peer  creativity, while negative feedback from lower rank employees will be .
	Our work is greatly influenced by our supervisors, so their criticism might bring about anxieties.
for the phenomena	We compete with our peers for the same opportunities, thus feeling  by their negative feedback.
	Supervisors are in a favourable   and can learn from their followers' negative feedback.
Enlightenment from the study	When offering criticism to followers or peers, bosses and coworkers need to keep it  to their tasks.
	Recipients should adopt a positive  towards others' criticism.

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    Asymptomatic infections（无症状感染）of the COVID-19 can be hard to track and chances of such virus carriers spreading the virus are simply equal.  Therefore, to protect yourself from those potential infections, you need some basic protective measures to take care of your health and the others' as well.

    Wash your hands frequently.

    Cleaning your hands regularly and thoroughly with an alcohol-based hand rub or washing them will soap and water can help kill viruses that may be on your hands.

    Maintain social distancing.

    Maintain at least 1 meter (3 feet) distance between yourself and anyone who is coughing or sneezing.  Being too close, you expose yourself to the risk of breathing in the droplets, including the COVID-19 virus.

   

    Hands touch many surfaces and can pick up viruses. Once contaminated（弄脏）, hands cam transfer the virus to your eyes, nose or mouth.

    Seek medical care early if you have fever, cough and difficulty breathing.

    If you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention and call in advance. Follow the directions of your local health authority who may have the most up to date information on the situation in your area. Calling in advance will allow your health care provider to quickly direct you to the right health facility.

A. This will also protect you and help prevent spread of viruses and other infections.

B. Avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth.

C. Thus, the goal of preventing the possible spread of COVID-19 can be easily achieved.

D. From there, the virus can enter your body and can make you sick.

E. Cover your mouth and nose with your bent elbow or tissue when you cough or sneeze.

F. Many people who are infected experience mild illness or no symptoms at all, but it can be more severe for others.

G. When people cough or sneeze they spray small liquid droplets from their noses or mouths which may contain virus.