社会文化类 知识点题库

    Thailand (泰国) is often called "the land of smiles". The Thais, who are very friendly and helpful, are1to get along with. They are very tolerant (容忍的) and will try to avoid2and public confrontation (对抗).

    GREETING PEOPLE

    The Thai greeting, which is known as the Wai, consists of putting your palms (手掌) together and lifting them towards your chin (下巴).The Wai comes from an ancient greeting that used to 3 that people were not carrying weapons. The type of Wai you do depends on your class, age and gender. If you're a foreigner and you're not sure what to do, just4the person who is greeting you. You shouldn't Wai children or workers such as waiters.

    BODY LANGUAGE

    Never touch someone's head, which is the most scared part of the body for Thais, not even a child's. Thais think the feet are the lowliest part of the body,5you should never point your feet towards someone or put them on a table. When you visit a temple, you have to kneel with your feet facing a away from the Buddha which is a scared image.

MONKS

    Monkhood (僧侣) is a very respected institution (受人尊重的人). It is the next most important part of Thai society after royalty. There are some

taboos(禁忌) when6monks. For example, a monk mustn't touch a woman or receive anything directly from I her. When travelling on public transport, women should not sit next to or near a monk. Most teenage boys become monks for a few months, which is seen as lucky for their families.

    There are some important festivals in Western countries. April Fool's Day is on April 1. People usually play tricks on others on that day. It's very popular in England and America.

    Mother's Day is on the second Sunday in May. It's a day to thank mothers. On that day, mothers usually get flowers and cards from their children. Fathers and children do the housework, so mothers can have a good rest.

    Thanksgiving Day is on the fourth Thursday in November in' America. On that day, families all get together and have a big dinner.

    Christmas Day comes on December 25. It's the most popular festival in a year in Western countries. People exchange presents and visit friends.

 “May we all be blessed with longevity. Though miles apart, we are still Able to share the beauty of the moon together (但愿人长久，千里共婵娟)." wrote Su Shi, a poet during the Song Dynasty, in his well-known poem to his younger brother Su Zhe.

The moon is at its brightest on the 15th day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar (阴历). On this day, people celebrate Mid-Autumn Festival. It has been enjoying great popularity all over the country.

In ancient China, that day was a harvest festival because crops were harvested during that period. ① It was a time for relaxation and celebration.

Just like Thanksgiving in Western countries, families also try to get together for the Mid-Autumn Festival in China. Usually, no matter how far away or how busy they are, people will try to return home for the celebration.

②中秋节有自己的特殊食物，就像其他中国传统节日一样。People eat mooncakes with fillings such as sugar and eggs. The round shape of the cake makes it look like the full moon. The full moon and mooncakes stand for family reunion(团聚).

With the beautiful moon up in the sky, people sit together, enjoy the full moon, eat mooncakes and fruit, share the stories, and express the best wishes for the family members and friends who live afar.

Chinese noodles have a long history. They were first mentioned in the Eastern Han Dynasty, over 1, 900 years ago. At that time, noodles were called "cakes". They were "cakes" that were boiled in water.

From the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were written records about noodles. "Mian" became the name of noodles in the Song Dynasty. Before that, there was no specific name for this kind of food.

There are all kinds of noodles, such as cold noodles, warm noodles, and fried noodles. There are also all kinds of noodle-making methods, such as brushing, pressing, rolling and pulling.

China is where all noodles originated（起源）, including the noodles, such as spaghetti, that we think came from other countries. In the Yuan Dynasty, Marco Polo came to China. He learned to make noodles, and then taught the method when he went back to his country. In 1912, the traditional Chinese method of noodle-making was brought to Japan. Japanese noodles were first called "Dragon Noodles", meaning food eaten by the Chinese-the descendants（后代）of the Dragon.

Among all Chinese noodles, the most special type may be Yi Noodles. They were created by a chef in the Qing Dynasty. Yi Noodles are made in both southern and northern China, but Fujian and Jiangxi Provinces are most famous for making Yi Noodles. Yi Noodles can be served dry or with soup. Since Yi Noodles are similar to modern instant noodles（方便面）, they are considered to be the father of modern instant noodles.

Chinese Calligraphy (书法)

What is calligraphy? It's handwriting. Any language can be written in calligraphy, but Chinese calligraphy is especially beautiful. It takes a lot of patience and practice to write

Chinese calligraphy.

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. During the lessons, they learn how to hold a brush.

There are many different kinds of brushes people can buy to do calligraphy.

But there is one kind of calligraphy brush that is extra special. This brush is made from baby hair! Hundreds of years ago in China, people started to believe a baby-hair brush was good luck. It is a tradition. . Today people in Asia still have brushes made from baby hair.

It takes more than 80 steps to make one brush. That's why these brushes are such a treasure.

A. Making a brush is not easy.

B. People take lessons to learn how to do it.

C. Different brushes are made from different animals' hair.

D. But no one is really sure where the tradition comes from.

E. They also learn how to make different strokes (笔画) to make Chinese characters(文字).

    You want to know about my staying in America, right? Well, to tell you the truth, it is really an eye-opening experience to study here.

    In China, I had English classes five times a week since fifth grade. However, I didn't know how different textbook English could be from everyday English until I came to Hotchkiss School, Connecticut.

    When I first studied English, I was told to say, "I am fine." when people say "How are you?" But in the US, I found that people say, "I am good." or "I'm tired."

    One day, someone greeted me with "What's up?" It made me confused. I thought for a moment and then smiled because I didn't know what to say.

    Since then, I have discovered more and more differences between Chinese and US cultures.

    To my surprise, US girls spend a lot of time in the burning sun to get a tan (日晒后的颜色). However, in China, girls try every possible way to get their skin paler, or "whiter".

    I was also surprised by how hard-working US students are.

In China, schoolwork is almost everything, so we study hard and that's it. But here, a "good" student gets good grades, does a lot for the public and plays sports or music.

    The kids here are so talented, I am starting to be sorry that I gave up playing the piano at an early age and that I have never thought about sports.

Interesting Festivals in the World

    America is a mobile society. Friendship between Americans can be close and real, yet disappears soon if situations change. Neither side feels hurt by this. Both may exchange Christmas greetings for a year or two, perhaps a few letters for a while, then no more, If the same two people meet again by chance, even years later, they pick up the friendship.

    This can be quite difficult for us Chinese to understand, because friendship between us flows more slowly but then may become lifelong feelings, extending (延伸) sometimes deeply into both families.

    Americans are ready to receive us foreigners at their homes, share their holidays and their home life. They will enjoy welcoming us and be pleased if we accept their hospitality (好客) easily.

    Another difficult point for us Chinese to understand Americans is that although they include us warmly in their personal everyday lives, they don't show their politeness to us if it requires a great deal of time. This is usually the opposite of the practice in our country where we may be generous with our time. Sometimes, we, as hosts, will appear at airports even in the middle of the night to meet a friend. We may take days off to act as guides to our foreign friends. Americans, however, express their welcome at home. But they truly cannot manage the time to do a great deal with a visitor outside their daily routine. They will probably expect us to get ourselves from the airport to our own hotel by bus. And they expect that we will phone them from there. Once we arrive at their homes, the welcome will be full, warm and real. We will find ourselves to be treated hospitably.

    For Americans, it is often considered more friendly to invite a friend to their homes than to go to restaurants, except for purely business matters. So accept their hospitality at home!

Besides interesting activities and beautiful lanterns, eating Yuan Xiao is one of the special of the Lantern Festival. Yuan Xiao is sweet or salty dumplings made of rice flour. The fillings(馅) inside the dumplings are sweet or salty. Sweet fillings are  made of sugar, sesame (芝麻) and so on while salty fillings have vegetables, meat, etc. Anyway, the ways of Yuan Xiao Festival are different between northern and southern China. As Yuan Xiao Festival is coming soon, what have you ? We wish you all a happy evening with your family!

International Mother Language Day

    A language is much more than just a way of communicating, Language, and especially our mother language, is an important part of our culture. There are about 6, 500 languages in the world, but did you know that a language disappears and dies every two weeks?

    In 1999, a special day to celebrate and protect all the languages of the world was created: International Mother Language Day, It is on 21 February. The idea for this special day came from Bangladesh, a country in South Asia, and 21 February is also the day when Bangladeshis mark the day that the Bangla language was officially (官方) accepted. Bangladeshis celebrate the day by holding competitions and singing songs.

    Every year, UNESCO (联合国教科文组织) chooses a different theme (主题) and holds different events. For example, in 2005, there was a focus on Braille and sign languages, and in 2017, a focus on how multilingual (多语言的) education could help the world to have a better future. Many countries have also set up special projects to mark this day. For example, in 2014, the Indian government provided digital (数字的) learning materials for schools and colleges in the 22 most widely spoken Indian languages. It is said that there are around 750 languages in India, and, sadly, that around 250 more languages have been lost in the last 50 years.

    The Director General of UNESCO, Audrey Azouley, pointed out in a recent speech on International Mother Language Day that mother languages "shape millions of developing young minds". She believes that children learn best in their mother language, and that it is important that children should have this opportunity. Around the world, 40% of the population can't be able to learn in a language they can understand or speak.

    At least 43% of all languages are at risk, and fewer than 100 of the world's languages are used in the digital world. Most Internet communication is in one of the following languages: English, Chinese, Spanish, Arabic, Portuguese, Indonesian, Malayan, Japanese, Russian and German. But everyone has the right to use their own mother language, and to keep the memories, traditions and ways of thinking that their language represents. And this is what International Mother Language Day is all about.

In Australia, National Tree Day is on the last Sunday in July. In China, Tree Planting Day is on12th March. Trees are very important in our life. Trees make our city beautiful. We can get a lot of things from trees. We get fruit from trees. We also get wood from trees. We use wood to make pencils, desks and chairs. We can use wood to make paper, too. Trees can keep the air clean. They can cool the air, too. So we should love trees. We should plant more trees. On Tree Planting Day we can plant trees with our teachers and classmates. It is interesting!

    When people think of food in the United States, . In fact, in the U.S. cities like New York and Los Angeles, there are thousands of different kinds of restaurants with foods from all over the world.

    So if you like to try different foods, the United States is the place for you. , and they bring with them typical (有代表性的) foods from their countries. You can eat tempura in Japanese restaurants, tacos in Mexican restaurants, paella in Spanish restaurants, , and you can also eat America's most popular food—pizza.

    Yes, pizza! Pizza is from Italy, but today it is an important part of the U.S. menu. There are about 58,000 pizzerias in the United States—that's about 17% of all restaurants in the country, .

    The United States has eating places for all tastes and all pockets (经济条件). . Or you can go to a four-star restaurant and pay $200 for a dinner

Channel(电视台)1             9:00 p. m.

Frozen Ⅱ

Elsa and Anna are sisters. They live in Arendelle. Elsa has special powers(能力) and she can create ice and snow. She and Anna travel to a forest to find out how she got her powers. But that trip puts their country in great danger. The two sisters work hard to save it.

Channel 2              8:00 p. m.

Tom and Jerry

Tom, a cat, likes running after a mouse called Jerry. Jerry is small but smart. He always finds ways to run away from Tom. Watch and find out Jerry's plan this week!

Channel 3            6:00 p. m.

Spain vs Australia

Tonight, the Spanish team will play against the Australian team in the sports center in Madrid. Which football team will win?

Channel 4                 10:00 p. m.

The World Under the Sea

What is life like under the sea? Follow Jill Turner to see different kinds of sea animals.

Mother's Day and Father's Day are two big national holidays in many western countries. And it's interesting because they are not the same in every country. In England, Mothering Sunday is in March. In America and Germany and many other countries, it's one Sunday in May. Father's Day is in the middle of June. How do you celebrate Mother's Day and Father's Day? Let's learn something more about it from the following introduction.

What is the best-selling book in the world? According to the Guinness World Records, the Xinhua Dictionary, published by the Commercial Press in China, is the world's most popular dictionary and the best-selling book.

In 1950, Chinese language experts, Wei Jiangong and Ye Shengtao, started to edit(编辑) the Xinhua Dictionary. There was a lot of discussion, research and paper work. Some hand scripts(稿件) were checked again and again like compositions, People's Daily reported.

In 1953, the first Xinhua Dictionary came out. Today, 567 million copies of the dictionary have been sold around the world.

However, revisions(修订) to the dictionary continue to be made. According to Yu Guilin from Commercial Press, editors usually summarize the meaning of words again while revising. "To give a correct explanation of the word "焗油(deep condition)", one editor went to a barber shop to experience it for himself," Yu told the Beijing Times.

To keep up with the times, some popular and widely used internet words are also added to the dictionary. For example, in the 11th edition, the phrases "晒工资(show off salary)" and "(show off pictures)" were included.

 The Xinhua Dictionary is not only a useful tool for generations of Chinese people. It also helps foreigners who are learning the Chinese language and culture.

In the US, Mother's Day is a holiday on the second Sunday in May. It is a day when children give their1cards, presents and flowers.

One of the best ways to celebrate Mother's Day is to give your mother the day off. Let her have a good rest while other members of the family do the2.

Many families begin Mother's Day with3in bed. Usually Dad and the children will let Mum4late as they go into the kitchen and5her favourite meal. A Mother's Day breakfast can be anything your mum likes.

Keep everything nice on a plate(盘子) after the food is ready. Don't6to put the bottle with one flower on the plate. It's spring here, so the children can pick the nicest7from the garden outside. When8is ready, carefully carry the plate and Mum's favourite book or newspaper up to her bedroom. Cards and small presents from the children can be put on the plate if you want to give them to Mum in bed.

Many families take Mum out to her favourite restaurant for a meal. It is a good day to let your mum9and let her see how wonderful the10she has.

Do you do the same on Mother's Day in China?

Wang Fei, a Chinese student, and Mary, an American student studying Chinese in China, were in a supermarket. They saw a young man walking down the stairs. In his hurry, he missed the last two steps and fell onto the ground. He tried to stand up while people around him laughed. Luckily, he seemed to be OK.

Mary found Wang Fei smiling a little and was not happy about it. "Tell me, Fei, how could people laugh when someone fell like that？Why didn't they go up and ask him if he was hurt?"

Wang Fei said, "Because they knew he wasn't hurt too much."

"But I still don't understand. A fall is a fall.  In my culture, people would never laugh!"

This is an example. The Chinese and the westerner will think and act differently when seeing such a thing. Chinese people are used to laughing or smiling. Very often the person who is in embarrassing （困窘的） situation would also laugh or smile to get out of it. However, if someone gets hurt seriously, it will not be a laughing matter any more. People will help him or her instead.

But, in that case, a westerner will rush over and help the person get up. If a westerner falls, he or she, like a Chinese person, may try to make a joke if he or she is not hurt. If two close friends are walking together, and one falls but clearly isn't hurt, a common joke is to say "Have a nice trip".

So different people have different habits and different countries have different cultures.

The Chinese life is colorful with many interesting folk ways. The Lantern Festival is on the 15th day of the first lunar month, it has a Chinese name Yuanxiao Festival. Yuanxiao comes from the fthat people call the first lunar month the Yuan Month and night Xiao. The night of the 15^th day of the first lunar month m the beginning of the first full moon. On the Lantern Festival, the Chinese people have the custom of e lanterns and eating glutinous rice dumplings. There is a common saying that "Playing on the Lantern Festival."

The custom started during the Han Dynasty, and has a h of more than 2000 years. On that night, every place is decorated with lanterns and streamers(饰带) and there is a bustling atmosphere. As night f, people go in crowds to the sea of colorful lanterns: palace lanterns, wall lamps, figure lanterns, flower lanterns, revolving horse lanterns, animal lanterns, and toy lanterns, of all types and c. Some lanterns have riddles(谜语) on them, which encourage people to try to be the f to find the answer.

It is a a traditional custom to eat glutinous rice dumplings at this time. As early as the Song Dynasty, there was such a kind of food, a round ball m of glutinous rice flour with a filling of sugar and kernels(果仁). Since it is eaten on the Lantern Festival, people call it yuanxiao. The Chinese people hope that e is satisfactory (yuanman in Chinese), and to eat glutinous rice dumplings on the first night with a full moon in a year is to wish that family members will remain united, harmonious, happy and satisfied.

Chinese traditional painting and dance are two important parts of the art world. But what about when they meet each other?

This year, a dance drama called Poetic Dance: The Journey of a Legendary Landscape Painting (《只此青绿》) was shown on CCTV's Spring Festival Gala. It became popular overnight.

According to CCTV, this poetic dance got the idea from the 900-year-old Chinese painting A Panorama of Rivers and Mountains (《千里江山图》). Created by Song Dynasty painter Wang Ximeng at about 18, the painting is amazing in its sweeping size, rich coloration and expressive details. It shows a Chinese blue-green landscape: "mountains and groupings of endless rise and fall between cloudless sky and rippling water".

   A    The dance shows the Chinese traditional beauty of the painting. The dancers each had a different hairstyle, which looked like a mountain rock.    B    The clothes that they wore were shades of green and blue, which is also poetic show of the mountains and rivers.    C    When the dancers swayed beautifully, the audience seemed to be looking at the moving mountains and rivers.    D    More than a thousand years later, green mountains and rivers still wow people as they did long ago.

In recent years, more and more modern shows highlight Chinese traditional culture and have received warm welcome, especially among young people. They show _________ Chinese culture and are proud of it.

注：每题答案不超过5个词。