In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people  instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the potential to find satisfaction in work.

        In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2, many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe,3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of course, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.

        Different cultures have different ways of 5people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-making—all members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this process. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7. Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that traditional 8 managers cannot.

        A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in this way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to13 that the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.

        Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project  managers evaluate  the15of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.

阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。

    Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But, 1, words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often 2 the second half of the story. In the3 of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—4 that the customer remains a customer.

    5 to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 percent of its 6 every years. In constantly changing 7, this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.

    Only now are organizations beginning to 8 those lost opportunities and calculate the 9 implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big 10 in its performance. Research in the US found that a five percent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to 11 increases of between 25 and 85 percent.

    In the US, Domino's Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and 12 never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in 13 profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).

    The logic behind cultivating customer14 is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies' marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to 15 them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University' School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between 16 customers and making profits. 17 customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price 18, and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it 19 for competitors to enter a market or increase their20 of a market.

    Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up their markets, increasingly1the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is: Is economic globalization  2 for all?

    According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce 3 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth  4 to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration (融合）of local economies into the world economy. Home to5three billion people, these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 6 at an average rate of five percent 7 to two percent in developed countries.

    Those who 8  globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefit from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. 9 , small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 10 open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.

    Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 11 gap between the rich and poor. A study 12 by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually 13 from integration（融合）into the world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 14 , they maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to 15 their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of16 When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart 17 , these small businesses will not be able to 18  and will be crowded out.

    One thing is certain about Globalization—there is no 19 . Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The 20 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.

    Over the past few decades, more and more countries have opened up the markets, increasingly transforming the world economy into one free-flowing global market. The question is：Is economic globalization 1 for all?

    According to the World Bank, one of its chief supporters, economic globalization has helped reduce 2 in a large number of developing countries. It quotes one study that shows increased wealth 3 to improved education and longer life in twenty-four developing countries as a result of integration (融合) of local economies into the world economy. Home to some three billion people, these twenty-four countries have seen incomes 4 at an average rate of five percent—compared to two percent in developed countries.

    Those who 5 globalization claim that economies in developing countries will benefit from new opportunities for small and home-based businesses. 6, small farmers in Brazil who produce nuts that would originally have sold only in 7 open-air markets can now promote their goods worldwide by the Internet.

    Critics take a different view, believing that economic globalization is actually 8 the gap between the rich and poor. A study carried out by the U.N.-sponsored World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization shows that only a few developing countries have actually 9 from integration into the world economy and that the poor, the uneducated, unskilled workers, and native peoples have been left behind. 10, they maintain that globalization may eventually threaten emerging businesses. For example, Indian craftsmen who currently seem to benefit from globalization because they are able to 11 their products may soon face fierce competition that could put them out of 12. When large-scale manufacturers start to produce the same goods, or when superstores like Wal-Mart move in, these small businesses will not be able to 13 and will be crowded out.

    One thing is certain about globalization—there is no 14. Advances in technology combined with more open policies have already created an interconnected world. The 15 now is finding a way to create a kind of globalization that works for the benefit of all.                (347 words)

    Britain will be the biggest country in Europe by 2050, overtaking both France and Germany, according to official projections.

Britain will1its population swell from today's 62.2 million to 77 million, an increase of 24 percent.

    This will make it bigger than France, projected to be 70 million and Germany, which is2to have 71.5 million citizens.

    The forecasts come from the Population Reference Bureau, a US3which supplies data4governments and institutions around the world.

    The predictions5that Britain will see its population increase over the next 40 years at a far faster rate than nearly6European country. The extra 15 million equates to the combined populations of Glasgow, Birmingham, Manchester, Leeds and Liverpool being added to the7national population over the next two generations.

    Britain's population has started to climb8in recent years. Last year the Office for National Statistics9that mothers had more children than at any time since 1973.

    Immigrant mothers 10more than half of the increase in births, but the fertility rate among 11women also rose sharply.

    The Population Reference Bureau 12that France's population, 13  will increase at half the rate, 14 7 million to its 63 million.15Germany will actually see its population 16sharply from 81.6 million to 71.5 million because of a lack of immigration, and a 17lower birth rate than18in Britain. It already has the second oldest population in the world after Japan, 19one in five of all Germans over the age of 65.

    Europe, 20 will see its population dip from 739 million to 720 million, because of its low birth rate.

    From the nation's earliest days, farming has held a crucial place in the American economy and culture. Farmers play an important role in any society, of course, since they feed people. But farming has been particularly 1 in the United States with intensified attention from civilians and government as well.

    Early in the nation's life, farmers were seen as exemplifying economic 2 such as hard work, perseverance, and self-sufficiency. Moreover, many Americans, particularly immigrants who may have never held any land in the country, found that owning a farm was the 3 to enter the American economic system. They were immediately playing a part in the country's economy.

    The American farmer has generally been quite successful at producing food. Indeed, sometimes his success has created his biggest problem: the agricultural sector has suffered periodic explosions of overproduction that have 4 prices. When the government have to step in and 5 the worst of these events.

    American farmers owe their ability to produce large yields to a number of factors. For one thing, they work under 6 natural conditions. The American Midwest has some of the richest soil in the world. Rainfall is 7 over most areas of the country; rivers and underground water permit extensive irrigation where it is not.

    Increasing use of high-quality 8 labor also have contributed to the success of American agriculture. It is not unusual to see today's farmers 9 plows or harvesters. One farmer can manage large lands of farms. Fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used although some environmentalists 10 it. Computers track farm operations, and even 11 technology is utilized to find the best places to plant and fertilize crops. US agriculture is among the most advanced in the world.

    Farmers still fight with forces beyond their control, 12. Despite its generally benign weather, North America also experiences frequent floods and droughts. Changes in the weather give agriculture its own economic cycles, often 13 the general economy. When negative factors hit farmers, calls for government assistance are particularly intense. In the 1930s, for instance, bad weather, and the Great Depression combined topush farms over the edge into a(n) 14 situation. The government responded with 15 agricultural reforms—most notably, a system of price supports, whose significance toward the large-scale campaign lasted for many years.

    Retailers(零售商) closed more than 9,000stores in 2019. Some people call what has happened to the shopping landscape "the retail1" It is easy to chalk it up to the rise of e-commerce, which has thrived while physical stores struggle. But this can be2. Online sales have grown tremendously in the last 20 years, but Internet shopping still represents only 11 percent of the entire retail sales total. Collectively, three major3forces have had an even bigger impact on brick-and-mortar retail than the Internet has.

    To begin with, we have changed4we shop — away from smaller stores like those in malls and toward stand-alone “Big Box” stores, which is a greater problem for most physical stores.

    Also, Rising income5has left less of the nation's money in the hands of the middle class, and the traditional retail stores that6them have suffered. It is estimates that since 1970, the share of the nation's income earned by families in the middle class has fallen from almost two-thirds to around 40 percent. As the7of income at the top rises, overall retail suffers simply because high-income people save a much larger share of their money. The government reports8for different income levels in the official Consumer Expenditure Survey. In the latest data, people in the top 10 percent of income9almost a third of their income after taxes. People in the middle of the income distribution spent 100 percent of their income.10, as the middle class has been squeezed and more has gone to the top, it has meant higher saving rates overall.

    Lastly, We have spent11less of income on things and more on services. Since 1960, we went from spending 5 percent of our income on health to almost 18 percent, government statistics show. We spend more on education, entertainment, business services and all sorts of other products that aren't12in traditional retail stores. Economists debate theories of why we have 13to services and away from goods but no one questions that it has happened. It means that over time, retailers selling14will have to run harder and harder just to stay in place.

    In short, the broad forces hitting retail are more a lesson in economics than in the power of15. It's a lesson all retailers will have to learn someday.