上海市2018年高三英语上半期期中考试附答案与解析
| 1. 语法填空 | 详细信息 |
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Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. Time to fight gaming problem If you’re a gamer constantly 【1】 (glue) to your phone, it could be time to ask for medical help. On June 18, the WHO officially listed “gaming disorder” 【2】 a mental illness, like drug or gambling addiction. Video gaming is like a non-financial kind of gambling from a psychological point of view. Gamblers use money as a way of keeping score, 【3】 gamers use points. However, playing your favorite game every now and then is no reason to be worried. People need to understand this doesn’t mean every child who spends hours playing games 【4】 (be) an addict, otherwise doctors 【5】(flood) with requests for help. But according to the WHO, 【6】 you lose control over your gaming habits and put gaming above everything else in life, you should be prepared to face serious problems. According to a study published by China Youth Day in July, about one in five young Chinese play online video games for at least four to five hours per day. Thankfully, measures have been taken 【7】 (address) the problem. In April, the Ministry of Education issued a notice asking Chinese schools and parents to prevent students from becoming addicted to the Internet and games. Other countries have also taken action. In 2011, South Korea passed a “shutdown law” to stop children under the age of 16 from playing video games between the hours of midnight and 6 am. Meanwhile, in Japan, some mobile phones have a special mode for children 【8】 lets their parents control what games they can download and 【9】 they can play them for. In the United States, the Entertainment Software Rating Board, a nonprofit organization, puts age restrictions on most games, 【10】(mean) the children under a certain age are unable to buy them. |
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| 2. 短文填空 | 详细信息 |
Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. College degrees still necessary? We’re often told that if we can’t graduate from university, we’re unlikely to land a good job. However, some big-name companies say that you don’t need a college degree to do well in life. According to a list released by job review platform Glassdoor in August, a total of 15 famous companies have 【1】 college degrees as a requirement for some of their jobs, including Apple, Google, IBM, and Starbucks. The phenomenon of requiring a college degree for a position that actually doesn’t need it is called degree inflation(膨胀),according to Forbes. About 6 million jobs in the US are potentially 【2】 to degree inflation, according to a report released by Harvard Business School in 2017. This is because many employers regard having a college degree as equal to 【3】 a variety of soft skills. “Especially at a time when recruiters (招聘人员) complain that workers lack 【4】 soft skills-the ability to solve problems, work in teams and communicate-college is seen as the place that develops such abilities,” Jeffrey J. Selingo, a professor of practice at Arizona State University, US, wrote on The Washington Post. However, for some companies, a college degree doesn’t 【5】 that an applicant is a good performer. “They did some research and they saw that the individual strengths and future 【6】 rather than the academic performance of those they hired were a greater 【7】 of success in working at the firm,” Larry Nash, EY’s US director of recruiting, told Fast Company. EY, a UK-based finance company, dropped the requirement for a college degree when seeking hires in the UK in 2015. Meanwhile, in many tech sector positions, 【8】courses and on-the-job experience are more meaningful than a college degree, Ginni Rometty, CEO of IBM, told Quartz. However, this doesn’t mean a college degree is completely useless. Indeed, a college degree is still considered when 【9】 a job candidate, but it “no longer acts as a 【10】 to getting a foot in the door,” Maggie Stilwell, a recruitment expert at EY, told HuffPost. For some companies recent college graduates are no better than people who learned the same skills by themselves. As Quartz put it, “What a person knows is more important than how they learned it.” |
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| 3. 完形填空 | 详细信息 |
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This summer we said goodbye to unnecessary plastic waste. Starbucks committed to ________ plastic straws in all locations by 2020, IKEA banned all single-use plastics from its stores, and entire cities banned the use of plastic bags and straws. And now we have one more thing to add to our consciousness-raising list: People are starting to understand the ________ of contact lenses（隐形眼镜）. According to a new research out of the American Chemical Society, 20 percent of people who wear contact lenses throw them away in the toilet or sink. But as medical ________, contact lenses are specifically designed to be resistant in touch environments, and ________ they don’t biodegrade easily. Throwing contact lenses into toilet is particularly concerning because their size and ________ allow them to slip through filters（过滤器）meant to keep non-biological waste out of wastewater treatment plants. The study found that the chemical and mechanical processing at these treatment facilities were unable to ________ break down contact lenses, leaving them as part of the treated water. Post-treatment wastewater is typically spread on fields, where contact lenses can make their way into surface water and cause environmental damage. It may seem like a small thing, but with over 45 million contact ________ in the United States, all that plastic adds up. We are talking about 22 tons of contact lenses being improperly thrown away every year here, unnecessarily adding to the hundreds of thousands of tons of microplastics ________ in our oceans. So what is the right way to throw away contact lenses? It turns out that properly dealing with contact lenses is pretty ________. One option is to throw them in the garbage. While this will keep them out of our water ________, it sends them to landfill—which is not really any better. Unfortunately, you can’t just throw your contacts in the recycling bin and call it a day, either. Due to their size and packaging materials, recycling facilities typically cannot ________ contact lens processing, so they go to landfills. In order to actually be recycled, contact lenses need to be ________ at a specialty recycling facility. This doesn’t mean that all eco-conscious contact-wearers must stick to glasses, though. Fortunately, in an effort to ________ the waste produced by contact lenses and facilitate the recycling process, some eye care companies have started their own recycling ________. Through these programs, individuals can ship their used contacts to TerraCycle (a company that ________ in recycling the hard-to-recycle) for free. 【1】A.eliminating B.deleting C.producing D.saving 【2】A.role B.function C.impact D.efficiency 【3】A.terms B.devices C.tools D.equipment 【4】A.moreover B.nevertheless C.however D.therefore 【5】A.flexibility B.possibility C.capability D.similarity 【6】A.restrictedly B.respectively C.comparatively D.fully 【7】A.designers B.manufacturers C.wearers D.destroyers 【8】A.floating B.following C.flashing D.flooding 【9】A.sensitive B.extensive C.concrete D.tricky 【10】A.systems B.resources C.sources D.energies 【11】A.control B.handle C.repair D.touch 【12】A.reversed B.processed C.fixed D.programmed 【13】A.analyze B.realize C.minimize D.maximize 【14】A.initiatives B.performances C.events D.conferences 【15】A.consists B.results C.participates D.specializes |
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| 4. 阅读理解 | 详细信息 |
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School children around the world are being exposed on a daily basis to cigarette advertising and promotions by a tobacco industry that needs to recruit the young to maintain its vast profits. A major investigation in more than 22 countries across four continents by campaigners and experts has found cigarettes or promotions on display close to sweets, drinks or stationery in shops just outside schools, and often at the eye line of children. The Campaign for Tobacco-Free kids analyzed reports since 2014 carried out by a range of public health groups, NGO and Johns Hopkins University. Marlboro cigarettes made by Philip Morris and British American Tobacco brands such as Pass Mall, Kent, Dunhill and Lucky Strike were being sold and promoted within 300 meters or closer to schools in nearly all the countries researchers examined in a series of studies. Brand made by Japan Tobacco and Imperial were seen near schools in a smaller number. In Peru, Guardian correspondents saw single sticks apparently for also in corner shops near schools in flavors attractive to children. In Indonesia they saw banner ads above stalls near a primary school. In India, they saw simple cigarettes and tiny packets of chewing tobacco for sale alongside sweet directly opposite school gates. Big Tobacco denies’ promoting its products to children; Philip Morris International (PMI) said its observes relevant regulations. ‘Preventing children from smoking is of the highest priority and we take very seriously our responsibility to ensure that we do not market to children anywhere in the world.’ British American Tobacco (BAT) said, ‘Under-age smokers are not, and will never be, our target consumers… products and marketing should never appeal to, or engage under-age smokers. Across the world, we have very strict rules to ensure we do not have outdoor advertising within 100 meters of a school.’ Japan Tobacco and Imperial did not respond to a request for comment. 【1】According to the passage, _______ is/are not included in that makes cigarette appealing to children. A.the flavored cigarettes B.the single affordable sticks C.the attractive packaging D.eye-catching position to display the product 【2】The writer tries to make the report convincing by _______. A.analyzing the reasons behind the phenomenon B.quoting exact words from relevant regulations C.comparting the situations in different countries D.listing facts collected by correspondents 【3】What can we learn from the passage? A.Companies use different policies to market to children in different countries. B.Both schools and parents are to blame for children’s smoking cigarettes. C.Japanese companies do not accept the accusation from the campaigners. D.There is a gap between tobacco compainies’ statements and real situations. 【4】What’s the best title for the passage? A.What are the effects of cigarette on children B.How children are exposed to cigarette adverts C.Why children should be protected from cigarette D.What we can do to help children against cigarette |
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| 5. 阅读理解 | 详细信息 | ||||||
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| 6. 阅读理解 | 详细信息 |
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Nearly three-quarters (73 percent)of US adults believe artificial intelligence will “eliminate more jobs than it creates,” according to a Gallup survey. But, the same survey found that less than a quarter (23 percent)of people were “worried” or “very worried” automation would affect them personally. Notably, these figures vary depending on education. For respondents with only a four-year college degree or less, 28 percent were worried about AI taking their job, for people with at least a bachelor degree, that figure was 15 percent. Will AI destroy jobs or create them? No one really knows. On the surface, these answers suggest ignorance, or short-sightedness, but they also reflect a deep divide among experts on what exactly the effects of new technology will have on the workplace. Studies trying to estimate job losses caused by advances in robotics and AI vary wildly. Historically, though, technology usually leads to a net gain in jobs, destroying some professions but creating new ones in the process. What’s different this time around, argue some economists and AI experts, is that machines are smarter than they were, and historical examples don’t offer a useful comparison. Considering these contradictory predictions, it’s no wonder that most Americans think automation is someone else’s problem. This isn’t ignorance, either. Even in high-risk industries like truck driving, there’s only so much automation can do. A computer can drive on a highway, yes, but it can’t repair a truck, unload its goods, argue with unhelpful warehouse managers, or even refill the gas tank. Not yet anyway. The findings from Gallup’s survey also show that the use of AI is already widespread in the US. Nearly 9 out of 10 Americans (85 percent) use at least one of six devices or services that use features of artificial intelligence. 84 percent of people use navigation (导航) apps like Waze, and 72 percent use streaming services like Netflix. 47 percent use digital assistants on their smartphones, and 22 percent use them on devices like Amazon’s Echo. AI is something integrated into products and jobs bit by bit. You might not think that Netflix’s predictions of what you want to watch next count as artificial intelligence(or that they’re even intelligent at all),but they’re helped the service steal viewers from traditional TV and cable companies by shaping the creation of shows like House of Cards. Measuring this sort of impact in economic surveys is understandably hard. Gallup’s survey helps illustrate AI is not some mysterious event that will change the world overnight at some point in the future. It’s something that is already happening. As Frank Newport, editor-in-chief of Gallup, told The New York Times: “Whether they know it or not, AI has moved into a big percent of Americans’ lives in one way or another already.” 【1】Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The more education one receives, the more worried he is about job losses. B.The development of technology used to create more jobs than it eliminated. C.Most Americans are afraid that AI is becoming a threat to their current jobs. D.People ignore the divide among experts on the impact of AI on workplace. 【2】The underlined word “contradictory” is closest in meaning to ________. A.conflicting B.reasonable C.ridiculous D.objective 【3】Why is truck driving classified as a high-risk industry? A.Because truck drivers are more likely to get into accidents. B.Because truck drivers usually have to do a lot of manual labor. C.Because computers can take the place of the drivers to drive. D.Because trucks can be produced and repaired by computers. 【4】What can we learn from Gallup’s survey? A.AI will lead to more unemployment in the future. B.AI is gradually changing different aspects of our life. C.The hidden impact of AI on job losses is meansurable. D.All the TV viewers will turn to streaming services someday. |
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| 7. | 详细信息 |
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Since ancient Greece, people have used zodiac signs to judge a person’s character traits. 【1】 According to The Washington Post, a new study published in the journal Nature Human Behavior on Sept 17, could tell us something more about who we are. It identified four personality types: reserved, role models, average and self-centered. 【2】 All these are related to the five main personality traits everyone’s believed to possess: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness. Researchers, with the aid of computer software found that self-centered people scored higher on extroversion, but lower than average on the other four traits. ‘These are people you don’t want to hang out with,’ co-author William Revelle, professor of psychology, told the Daily Mail. Members of the reserved group were lacking in openness and extroversion, but were more agreeable and conscientious.【3】 People defined as role models scored well in most traits, but were weak in emotional stability. ‘These are people who are dependable and open to new ideas,’ Luis Amaral, co-director of the Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems in the US, told Newsweek. ‘These are good people to be in charge of things. In fact, life is easier if you have more dealings with role models.’ Apart from these three personality types, a totally new type was found: average. This type according to Science Daily, get average scores in all traits. Females are more likely than males to fall into this type. 【4】For example, role models are usually seniors, while the traits of the self-centered type mainly fall in teenage males. However, ‘Certain aspects are changing,’ Amaral told USA Today. ‘As people mature and grow, their personality also matures and grows. I think there is a positive message that people matures and they move to more desirable characteristics.’ A. These people are usually unwilling to try new things, but are kind and cooperative, according to the study. B. To compare the movement of the planets and stars is a brilliant and ancient concept. C. Even today, it seems that people are still fascinated with trying to figure out people’s personality types based on science. D. The study also shows that there is connection between personality type, gender and age. E. These are people who always finish the assigned task perfectly and in most cases ahead of time. F. In this study, about 1.5 million participants were asked to rate a number of written statements. |
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| 8. | 详细信息 |
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Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. People are social creatures by nature, and so it is hardly surprising that some portion of their self-esteem (自尊心) comes from the approval of others. This instinct is why the approval of peers, and the fear of disapproval, is such a powerful force in many people’s lives. Despite the most common associations with the term peer, peer pressure is not always negative. A student whose friends do extremely well in academics may be obliged to study harder and get good grades. Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win. This type of influence may even get a friend off drugs, or help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one. Study groups, class projects, and even book clubs are examples of positive peer groups, that encourage people to better themselves. However, for certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction. In order to fit in, they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong. Groups of children may join in bullying (欺凌) newcomers in school. Teens and young adults may feel obliged to use drugs or alcohol, or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior. Mature adults may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work, or end up in debt because they are unable to resist the temptation to buy a house or car that they can’t afford in an effort to keep up with the Joneses. There is no question that some people are more easily affected by peer pressure than others. Being self-aware is at the root of managing this type of pressure. “Going with the flow,” is not always a bad thing, but as each individual is still responsible for the consequences, it is important to be a thinking participant in the decision. |
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| 9. 翻译 | 详细信息 |
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Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 【1】他一交试卷就意识到忘记写名字了。（Hardly） 【2】这家医院装备了现代化的设施，而且人们乘地铁可以到达。（accessible） 【3】在这样一个快速变化的社会，人们担心不能得到最新资讯并落后于他人。（afraid） 【4】抱着努力不会白费的信念，他经历了起起伏伏，最终取得了成功。（belief） |
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| 10. 书面表达 | 详细信息 |
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Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. 现在有些大学开始根据问卷调查所收集到的信息为新生安排志趣相投，习惯相似的寝室室友。请你就这种做法谈谈你的看法，并说明理由。 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ |
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