常用介词的辨析 知识点

一、介词的定义和作用:介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词与它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语,定语。

二、常见介词的辨析
1.since 和for
since 和for 短语都表示一段时间,有延续之意,但着眼点不同,用法也有所不同。
(1)“for+时间段”表示“(延续)......之久”,其着眼点是现在,即表示延续到现在的一段时间(与现在完成时连用),或表示一段已经终结了的时间(与过去时连用),或表示将要延续的一段时间(与将来时连用)。例如:①They have lived in China for two years.他们在中国已经住了两年。
②I worked in the company for three years.我在这家公司工作过三年。
③They will stay in China for two years.他们将在中国呆上两年。
(2)“since+时间点”表示“自从(过去某时)以来”,其着眼点是过去,表示自过去某时延续至今的一段时间,常与现在完成时连用。例如: She has worked here since 1999.  自1999年以来,她就在这里工作。

2.before 和by
二者都可以表示“在.......之前”,但by 有“最晚不迟于.......,到.......为止”之意。如果by后接表示将来的时间,则与将来完成时连用;如果是过去的时间,则与过去完成时连用。例如:①I will be back before suppertime. 晚饭前我会赶回来。
②Supper will be ready by 6:00 p.m.6点之前晚饭将会准备好。
③This factory had produced more than one million cars by the end of last year. 到去年年底,这家工厂已经生产了一百多万辆汽车。

3.after和in
after 表示“在......之后”,后接时间段时一般用于过去时,后接时间点时可用于过去时,也可用于将来时;in 后接时间段,用于将来时表示“......(多久)之后”,用于过去时表示“在......(多久)的时间之内”。例如:①I woke up at midnight and after some time I heard some strange noise. 我半夜醒来,过了一段时间,我听到一些奇怪的声音。
②After supper ,I will take a short walk.晚饭后,我会出去走走。
③Jim will be back in two weeks.Jim两周后回来。
④He wrote the book in two and a half years.他用了两年半的时间写了这本书。

4.by 和until
by 表示“到......为止”,动作已完成; until表示“持续到......时候”。在谓语是终止性动词的否定句中,二者通用。
例如:①Can you repair my bike by Friday?星期五之前你能修好我的自行车吗?
②I'll work here until six o'clock.我将一直在这里工作到6点。
③The work won't be finished by/until tomorrow. 这项工作明天才能完成。

5.across, through, past 和over
across强调“穿过”某一平面; through强调从某一空间内“通过”;past强调从某事物的一旁“经过”;over强调从一边倒另一边或“越过”某一高度。
例如:①Be careful enough while walking across the street.过马路的时候要小心。
②Walk through the gate and you'll see the rest room.穿过大门,你会看到洗手间。
③The crowd of people walked past the City Hall to the Centre Square.一群人从市政厅走到中央广场。
④The thief climbed over the wall and ran away.小偷翻过围墙逃跑了。

6.with,by和in
with多指工具、身体的某部位或器官;by表示使用的方法、手段;in指使用某种语言、工具或材料等。
例如:①What can I cut the cake with?我用什么切蛋糕?
②You can see it with your own eyes.你可以亲自去看看。
③Why don't we go there by car instead?我们为何不坐小汽车去呢?

7.except, besides和except for
except表示“除......之外(其他的都)”,其后的宾语是被排除在外的;besides表示“除......之外(其他的也)”,其后的宾语是被包括在内的;except for用于表示对主要部分的肯定和对局部的否定,一般不表示同类事物之间的关系。
例如:①All the students took part in the sports meeting except Tom. 除了Tom以外,其他的同学都参加了运动会。
②We need three more chairs besides these two.除了这两把之外,我们还需要三把椅子。
③All the buildings are excellent except for their location.除了位置之外,所有的建筑都相当不错。

8.above, over, on, below, under 和beneath
above侧重于相对水平高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是below; over侧重于垂直高度,位于正上方,其反义词是under;on侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是beneath。例如:①The sun is above the mountain in the east.太阳高悬于东方的山巅上。
②Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head.当心,你的头上方有个很重的箱子。
③There is a book on the desk.书桌上有一本书。

常用介词的辨析 知识点题库

Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen, and a table and some chairs rose___ the floor as if by magic.

A . from B . under C . from under D . from up
I have some trouble _____ physics. I would be grateful ______ you if you could give me some advice on it.
A . with;with B . in;to C . in;with D . with;to
Star skater Wu Dajing won China's first gold medal at the 2018 PyeongChang Olympic Winter Games        breaking world record in short track men's 500m.
A . to B . by C . with D . in
I was held up for fifteen minutes on the way in the traffic jam. _____, I was late for work.
A . As a result B . As usual C . Any way D . After all
All of us want to go to the park ___________ Bob. He had to look after his sick mother at home.

A . except B . besides C . except for D . in addition to
____modern society's heavy dependence on fossil fuels for energy, most people are aware that the supply of these fuels is limited.

A . For B . While C . Despite D . As
There were many causes for his failure, but      , it was because his carelessness and little preparation.
A . as a result B . on the other hand C . in a nutshell D . on the contrary
At the conference, political leaders from many countries promised to work together to defend the world ________ terrorism and other threats.
A . for B . without C . beyond D . against
The children should be _____ not to play tricks ______ the disabled.
A . educated; on B . trained; to C . educated; with D . trained; on
It was considerate_______ Jim __________us his delay in case we got worried.
A . for; informing. B . of; to inform C . at; informed D . of; informed
Seeing the terrible scene, many problems crowded ________my head.
A . about B . out C . up D . in
A dog dashed __________ the gate and came at me.
A . into B . out of C . to D . from
At this time of year, all the restaurants are full, so we need to reserve _____ advance.
A . in B . at C . on D . by
In a childlike act, she left the hospital and treated herself __________ a box of chocolate.
A . to B . with C . of D . for
I was shocked __________ the cruelty of Tom, a relative of my wife, who not only shouted ________the poor man begging for something to eat but also let his violent dog come _________ him.
A . at; at; at B . with; to; at C . by; to; at D . for; at; to
Where we shall do the test is still______ discussion.
A . in B . on C . under D . during
As a philosopher____, the secret____happiness is to think about positive things and stay optimistic.
A . retells; on B . reminds; to C . remarks; of D . respects; in
Steve Jobs was fired by the person he had hired and trusted     the fact      he was the one who co-established the company.
A . despite… which B . regardless… that C . in spite of… that D . against… in which
If you really have to leave during the meeting, you'd better leave ____ the back door.
A . for B . by C . across D . out
When a Costco customer walks in the door, he or she expects that the products will be                      high quality and offered at a low price.
A . to B . of C . at D . about