动名词 知识点

 
一、动名词的定义:动名词指的是动词ing形式的一种,兼有动词和名词特征的非限定动词。它可以支配宾语,也能被副词修饰,动名词有时态和语态的变化。英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来。
二、动名词的作用:动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同:在句子中可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语。它也可以被副词修饰或者用来支配宾语。但它没有时态变化而只有"式"的变化,分为一般式和完成式。
(一)作主语:
动名词可以在句子中充当名词所能充当的多种句子成分。动名词作主语有如下几种常见情况:
1. 直接位于句首作主语。例如:Swimming is a good sport in summer.夏天游泳是一项很好的运动。
2. 用 it 作形式主语,把动名词(真实主语)置于句尾作后置主语。动名词作主语时,不太常用 it 作先行主语,多见于某些形容词及名词之后。例如:It is no use telling him not to worry.告诉他不要担心是没有用的 。常见的能用于这种结构的形容词还有:better,wonderful,enjoyable,interesting,foolish,difficult,useless,senseless,worthwhile,等。
注意:important,essential,necessary 等形容词不能用于上述结构。
3. 用于"There be"结构中。例如:There is no saying when he'll come.很难说他何时回来。
4. 用于布告形式的省略结构中。例如:No smoking ( =Smoking is not allowed here ). 禁止吸烟。
5. 动名词的复合结构作主语
当动名词有自己的逻辑主语时,常可以在前面加上一个名词或代词的所有格,构成动名词的复合结构(这时,名词或代词的所有格做动名词的逻辑主语)。动名词的复合结构也可以在句中作主语。
例如:Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.他们的到来对我们是一个巨大的鼓励。
(二)作宾语:
1. 作动词的宾语
某些动词后出现非限定性动词时只能用动名词作宾语,常见的此类动词有:
admit, appreciate, excuse, stand, advise, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, cannot help(can't help), imagine, include, keep, understand, keep on, mind, report, risk, miss, put off, delay, practise, resist, suggest, depend on, think about, set about, succeed in, worry about, burst out, insist on, feel like, be used to, get used to, devote…to…,look forward to, pay attention to, get down to, escape 等。
例如:①They went on walking and never stopped talking.他们继续走,说个不停。
②I found it pleasant walking along the seashore.在海滩上走真是乐事。
有些动词之后既可接动词不定式,又可接动名词,可把这类动词分为三种类型:两种形式所表达的含义基本相同,可以互换。这类动词有:
attempt ,begin,cease,continue,intend,omit,start,cannot bear,decline,disdain,loathe,neglect,commence。
例如:①They ceased talking/to talk.他们停止说话。
②Prices will continue to rise/rising.物价将继续上扬。
2.作介词的宾语
①动词+介词+动名词         例如:The rain prevented us from completing the work.下雨妨碍我们完成工作。
②形容词+介词+动名词       例如:I know who is responsible for breaking the window.我知道窗户是谁打破的。
③名词+介词+动名词         例如:There are many ways of doing it.有许多方法可以做这件事。
④there be和it is也可变为动名词there being 和it being与介词连用。      例如:The car stoppedbecause of there being no fuel in the tank.
⑤ 介词+动名词也可在句中作状语,表示时间、条件等。        例如:On leaving school, he went into business.一离开学校,他就投身到商业中去了。
3.作形容词的宾语         例如:①The music is well worth listening to more than once. 这种曲子很值得多听几遍。②We are busy preparing for the coming sports meet. 我们正为马上到来的运动会忙着做准备。
(三)作表语:
动名词作表语时句子主语常是表示无生命的事物的名词或what引导的名词性从句。表语动名词与主语通常是对等的关系,表示主语的内容,主语、表语可互换位置。如果句中的主语和表语同为动词时,要注意保持两个动词在形式上的一致。
(四)作定语
动名词作定语往往表示被修饰词的某种用途。例如:a walking stick =a stick for walking=a stick which is used for walking拐杖
注意:动名词的否定结构由not 动名词组成。
三、动名词的形式:
1. 动名词的一般式: doing 表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,或在谓语动词表示的动作之后。
例如:①We are very interested in collecting stamps.我们对集邮很感兴趣。
②His coming will be of great help to us .他来对我们大有帮助。
但是有些明确表示时间的动词和介词 after, on, upon, 或for之后,常用一般式代替完成式,表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。
例如:①Excuse me for coming late.我来晚了,请原谅。
②Thank you for giving us so much help.谢谢你给了我们这么多帮助。
2.  动名词的完成式: having done    表示的动作或状态在谓语动词之前完成或结束。
例如:①He regrets not having taken part in the work.他后悔没有参加这项工作。
②We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time.我们因提前完成了这项工作而受到了表扬。

动名词 知识点题库

There is no limit to(help) the people in trouble.
       Price decrease        farmers' income, the central government has decided to buy more crops to protect them.
A . Preventing; to affect B . To prevent; affecting C . Preventing; affected D . To prevent; being affected
(cook) was really fun as I learnt how to buy, prepare and cook food.

All the staff are considering (go) to the city center for the fashion show.
Many people are more interested in job satisfaction than in e large amounts of money.
Indeed, (combine) forces with China in Afghanistan might even improve the relationship between Washington and Beijing.
After g from college, we finally got the chance to take a bike trip.
After (毕业) from college, he was assigned to work at the foreign ministry.
He spent many years  (获得) his skills as a surgeon. (根据中文提示填空)
_______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to your skin.
A . Exposed B . Having exposed C . After being exposed D . Being exposed
An agreement has been signed to prevent the forests from(cut)down all over the world. (所给词的适当形式填空)
My mother opposes me (stay) in the newly decorated house for a long time, for the fresh paint gives out poisonous smell.
I had finished (熨) your shirt before you came back from work.
After (think) for some time, I finally made up my mind to give up.
Keep on (try) and you will succeed.
When he gets bored he likes (闲逛) around the woods.
You don't know how much difficulty I had(get) along with him.
When I learned that he was ill, I sent him a  (greet) card.
Within a few days Mary had become seriously ill,(遭受)great pain.
The government is thinking about b (禁止) smoking on public transport.