上海市2018年高三上半期英语开学考试同步练习

1. 语法填空

详细信息

Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank. You cannot maintain rising standards of living in a flattening world when you are up 【1】 competitors who are getting 【2】 their fundamentals (基本法则) right but also their intangibles (无形价值). China does not just want to get rich. It wants to get powerful. China doesn’t just want to learn how to make General Motors (GM) cars. It wants to be GM and put GM out of business. Anyone 【3】 doubts that should spend time with young Chinese. Said Luis Rubio, president of Mexico’s Center of Research for Development, “The more self-confidence you have, the more it decreases your mythologies (神话，错误的观点) and complexes. 【4】 of the great things about Mexico in the early 1990s was that Mexicans saw that they could do it, they could make it.” A lot of that self-confidence, though, 【5】lose) in Mexico in recent years, because the government stopped reforming. “A lack of self-confidence leads a country 【6】 (keep) chewing on the past,” added Rubio. “A lack of self-confidence [in Mexico] means that everyone in the country thinks the U. S. is going to take Mexico to the cleaners.” That is why North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was so important for Mexico’s self-confidence. “【7】 NAFTA accomplished was to get Mexicans to think forward and outward 【8】 inward and backward. [But] NAFTA was seen [by its architects] as an end more than a beginning. It was seen as the conclusion of a process of political and economic reforms. ” “Unfortunately,” he added, “Mexico did not have a strategy for a going forward.” Will Rogers said it a long time ago: “Even if you’re on the right track, you’ll get run over 【9】 you just sit there. ” The 【10】 (flat) the world gets, that will happen. Mexico got itself on the right track with reform wholesale, but then, for a lot of tangible and intangible reasons, it just sat there and reform retail stopped. The more Mexico just sits there, The more it is going to get run over. And it won’t be alone.

2. 短文填空

详细信息

Directions: compete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can be used only once. Note that there is one word more than you need. The best experiences can’t be planned, so I recently traveled to San Francisco some meetings and found myself with a half day to kill. My options: The 49ers’first game of the season, against the Green Bay Packers. The America’s Cup sailing 【1】 . Or I could get lost. After a horrendously long line at the car rental center, I was free. So I disappear into the fog and clouds covering the Pacific Coast Highway and 【2】 south with absolutely no 【3】 in mind. I drove through 【4】 carved out of the mountains and stopped at a few state beaches; at one, I watched a wedding out on the cliffs among the crashing waves. Back in the car, I drove toward San Gregorio, a town that you can 【5】 miss. I know because I drove right through it and ended up on a pine tree-bordered ribbon of asphalt that felt like it would go on forever. A few people 【6】 around outside the San Gregorio General Store, smoking cigarettes and talking about the motorcycles they’ve owned over the years, Inside, I found a bar with regular patrons, a guitar duo, and, of course, a full-on store. I ordered a Pacifico, grabbed a seat, and watched the guitarists jam out. Then I congratulated them, threw a couple of 【7】 dollars in their bucket, and walked back out into the world. The day could have been so different: crammed into a stadium or bar half-watching sports. But this was much more 【8】 .Hours prior, I was on a flight with the masses, going through the motions. Then I was out on my own, having an unexpected and unrepeatable experience. I learned something on September 8: Don’t be afraid to get lost—on purpose or 【9】 —and have zero 【10】. It will be good for you. I promise.

3. 完形填空

详细信息

Everyone knows that taxation is necessary in a modem state: without it , it would not be possible to pay the soldiers and policemen who protect us; _____ the workers in government offices who _____ our health, our food, our water, and all the other things that we cannot do for ourselves. _____ taxation, we pay for things that we need just as much as we need somewhere to live and something to eat. _______ everyone knows that taxation is necessary, different people have different ideas about ________ taxation should be arranged. In most countries, a direct tax on _____, which is called income tax, exists. It is arranged in such a ______ that the poorest people pay nothing, and the percentage of tax grows ______ as the taxpayer’s income grows. In some countries, for example, the tax on the richest people goes up as high as ninety-five per cent! And countries with taxation nearly ____ have indirect taxation too. Many things imported into the country have to pay taxes or “duties” Of course, it is the men and women who buy these imported things in the shops _____. really have to pay the duties, in the ______ of higher prices. In some countries, ______, there is a tax on things sold in the shops. If the most necessary things are taxed, a lot of money is ______ but the poor people suffer most. If unnecessary things ______ jewels and fur coats are taxed, less money is obtained but the tax is _______ as the rich pay it. Probably this last kind of indirect tax, together with a direct tax on incomes which is low for the poor and high for the rich, is the best arrangement. 【1】A.nor B.neither C.never D.not 【2】A.look into B.look over C.look after D.look through 【3】A.In accordance with B.By means of C.With reference to D.On account of 【4】A.If B.When C.Though D.As 【5】A.when B.how C.why D.which 【6】A.persons B.sectors C.communities D.classes 【7】A.form B.way C.measure D.method 【8】A.quicker B.speedier C.more D.larger 【9】A.periodically B.almost C.often D.always 【10】A.which B.who C.what D.whom 【11】A.manner B.form C.means D.way 【12】A.either B.also C.too D.often 【13】A.lent B.saved C.borrowed D.collected 【14】A.alike B.like C.as D.for 【15】A.heavier B.fairer C.finer D.better

4. 阅读理解

详细信息

If a diver surfaces too quickly, he may suffer the bends. Nitrogen(氮) dissolved(溶解) in his blood is suddenly liberated by the reduction of pressure. The consequence, if the bubbles (气泡)accumulate in a joint, is sharp pain and a bent body—thus the name. If the bubbles form in his lungs or his brain, the consequence can be death. Other air-breathing animals also suffer this decompression(减压) sickness if they surface too fast: whales, for example. And so, long ago, did ichthyosaurs. That these ancient sea animals got the bends can be seen from their bones. If bubbles of nitrogen form inside the bone they can cut off its blood supply. This kills the cells in the bone, and consequently weakens it, sometimes to the point of collapse. Fossil (化石)bones that have caved in on them selves are thus a sign that the animal once had the bends. Bruce Rothschild of the University of Kansas knew all this when he began a study of ichthyosaur bones to find out how widespread the problem was in the past. What he particularly wanted to investigate was how ichthyosaurs adapted to the problem of decompression over the 150 million years. To this end, he and his colleagues traveled the world’s natural-history museums, looking at hundreds of ichthyosaurs from the Triassic period and from the later Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. When he started, he assumed that signs of the bends would be rarer in younger fossils, reflecting their gradual evolution of measures to deal with decompression. Instead, he was astonished to discover the opposite. More than 15% of Jurassic and Cretaceous ichthyosaurs had suffered the bends before they died, but not a single Triassic specimen(标本) showed evidence of that sort of injury. If ichthyosaurs did evolve an anti-decompression means, they clearly did so quickly—and, most strangely, they lost it afterwards. But that is not what Dr Rothschild thinks happened. He suspects it was evolution in other animals that caused the change. Whales that suffer the bends often do so because they have surfaced to escape a predator (捕食动物) such as a large shark. One of the features of Jurassic oceans was an abundance of large sharks and crocodiles, both of which were fond of ichthyosaur lunches. Triassic oceans, by contrast, were mercifully shark- and crocodile-free. In the Triassic, then, ichthyosaurs were top of the food chain. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous, they were prey(猎物) as well as predator—and often had to make a speedy exit as a result. 【1】Which of the following is a typical symptom of the bends? A. A twisted body. B. A gradual decrease in blood supply. C. A sudden release of nitrogen in blood. D. A drop in blood pressure. 【2】The purpose of Rothschild’s study is to see________ . A. how often ichthyosaurs caught the bends B. how ichthyosaurs adapted to decompression C. why ichthyosaurs bent their bodies D. when ichthyosaurs broke their bones 【3】Rothschild’sfindingstatedinParagraph4 . A. confirmed his assumption B. speeded up his research process C. disagreed with his assumption D. changed his research objectives 【4】Rothschild might have concluded that ichthyosaurs. A. failed to evolve an anti decompression means B. gradually developed measures against the bends C. died out because of large sharks and crocodiles D. evolved an anti decompression means but soon lost it

5. 阅读理解

详细信息

To Whom It May Concern: Your address was forwarded to us by Why Bother Magazine. All of us here think The International Institute Not Doing Much is the best organization in the world. You know how to avoid unnecessary activities! We closely followed the advice in your article. First, we replaced all our telephones with carrier pigeons. Simply removing the jingle of telephones and replacing them with the pleasant sounds of birds has had a remarkable effect on everyone. Besides, birds are cheaper than telephone service. After all, we are a business. We have to think of the bottom line. As a side benefit, the birds also fertilize the lawn outside the new employee sauna. Next, we sold the computers of, to Stab, Grab, Grit, and Nasty, a firm of lawyers nearby. Our electricity bill went way down. Big savings! The boss is impressed. We have completely embraced paper technology. Now that we all use pencils, doodling is on the increase, and the quality of pencil woman ship is impressive, as you can tell from my handwriting in this letter. By the way, if you can, please send this letter back to us. We can erase and reuse it. Just tie it to Maggie’s leg and she’ll know where to take it. Now it’s very calm and quiet here. You can notice the difference. No more loud chatter on the telephones! All we hear is the scratching of pencil on paper, the sound of pigeons, and the delivery of inter-office correspondence by paper airplane. Wonderful! I’ve always wanted to work for an insurance company ever since I was a little girl. Now it’s perfect. Sincerely yours, Eleanor Lightly Spokeswoman and ComPany Hair Stylist ABC Activity Insurance: Insure against overdoing it 【1】Which of the following best describes the life the author is leading? A.simple, slow-paced life. B.A life of hard work and security. C.A religious, peasant-like life. D.A life away from paper and pencils. 【2】Where is Eleanor’s letter sent to? A.Why Bother Magazines B.ABC Activity Insurance Company C.Stab, Grab, Grit, and Nasty Law Firm D.The International Institute of Not Doing Much 【3】What is true about Maggie? A.She works as a manager in the author’s company. B.She sometimes helps fertilize the lawn outside the sauna. C.She often helps with inter-office correspondence using e-mail. D.Her handwriting has improved a lot after entering the company.

6. 阅读理解

详细信息

Abraham Lincoln turns 200 this year, and he’s beginning to show his age. When his birthday arrives, on February 12, Congress will hold a special joint session in the Capitol’s National Statuary Hall, a wreath (花环) will be laid at the great memorial in Washington, and a webcast will link school classrooms for a "teach-in" honoring his memory. Admirable as they are, though, the events will strike many of us Lincoln fans as inadequate, even halfhearted — and another sign that our appreciation for the 16th president and his towering achievements is slipping away. And you don’t have to be a Lincoln enthusiast to believe that this is something we can’t afford to lose. Compare this year’s celebration with the Lincoln centennial, in 1909. That year, Lincoln’s likeness made its debut on the penny, thanks to approval from the U. S. Secretary of the Treasury. Communities. and civic associations in every comer of the country erupted in parades, concerts, balls, lectures, and military displays. We still feel the effects today: The momentum unloosed in 1909 led to the Lincoln Memorial, opened in 1922, and the Lincoln Highway, the first paved transcontinental thoroughfare (大道) . The celebrants in 1909 had a few inspirations we lack today. Lincoln’s presidency was still a living memory for countless Americans. In 2009 we are farther in time from the end of the Second World War than they were from the Civil War; families still felt the loss of loved ones from that awful national trauma (创伤) . But Americans in 1909 had something more: an unembarrassed appreciation for heroes and an acute sense of the way that even long-dead historical figures press in on the present and make us who we are. One story will illustrate what I’m talking about. In 2003 a group of local citizens arranged to place a statue of Lincoln in Richmond, Virginia, former capital of the Confederacy (南方联邦). The idea touched off a firestorm of controversy. The Sons of Confederate Veterans held a public conference of carefully selected scholars to “reassess” the legacy of Lincoln. The verdict — no surprise — was negative: Lincoln was labeled everything from a racist totalitarian to a teller of dirty jokes. I covered the conference as a reporter, but what really unnerved me was a counter-conference of scholars to refute the earlier one. These scholars drew a picture of Lincoln that only our touchy-feely age could recall. The man who oversaw the most savage war in our history was described — by his admirers, remember — as “nonjudgmental,” “unmoralistic,” “comfortable with ambiguity (模棱两可) .” I felt the way a friend of mine felt as we later watched the unveiling of the Richmond statue in a subdued (征服) ceremony: “But he’s so small!” The statue in Richmond was indeed small; like nearly every Lincoln statue put up in the past half century, it was life-size and was placed at ground level, a conscious rejection of the heroic — approachable and human, yes, but not something to look up to. The Richmond episode taught me that Americans have lost the language to explain Lincoln’s greatness even to ourselves. Earlier generations said they wanted their children to be like Lincoln: principled, kind, compassionate, resolute. Today we want Lincoln to be like us. “This helps to explain the long string of recent books in which writers have presented a Lincoln made after their own image. We’ve had Lincoln as humorist and Lincoln as manic-depressive, Lincoln the business sage, the conservative Lincoln and the liberal Lincoln, the emancipator and the racist, the stoic philosopher, the Christian, the atheist (无神论者) — Lincoln over easy (两面煎的) and Lincoln scrambled (把…搅乱) . What’s often missing, though, is the timeless Lincoln, the Lincoln whom all generations, our own no less than that of 1909, can lay claim to. Lucky for us, those memorializers from a century ago — and, through them, Lincoln himself — have left us a hint of where to find him. The Lincoln Memorial is the most visited of our presidential monuments. Here is where we find the Lincoln who endures: in the words he left us, defining the country we’ve inherited. Here is the Lincoln who can be endlessly renewed and who, 200 years after his birth, retains the power to renew us. 【1】The author thinks that this year’s celebration inadequate and even halfhearted because ________. A.no Lincoln statue will be unveiled. B.no memorial coins will be issued. C.no similar appreciation of Lincoln will be seen. D.no activities can be compared to those in 1909. 【2】In the author’s opinion, the counter-conference ________. A.approved of the judgment by those carefully selected scholars. B.offered a brand new reassessment perspective. C.came up with somewhat favourable conclusions. D.resulted in similar critical remarks on Lincoln. 【3】According to the author, the image Lincoln conceived by contemporary people ________. A.conforms to traditional images. B.reflects the present-day tendency of worship. C.shows the present-day desire to match Lincoln. D.reveals the variety of current opinions on heroes. 【4】Which of the following best explains the implication of the last paragraph? A.Lincoln’s greatness remains despite the passage of time. B.The memorial is symbolic of the great man’s achievements. C.Each generation has its own interpretation of Lincoln. D.People get to know Lincoln through memorializers.

7.

详细信息

Directions: Read the following passage. Fill in each blank with a proper sentence given in the box. Each sentence can be used only once. Note that there are two more sentences than you need. Where is the Beef Most people like to eat meat. As they grow richer they eat more of it. For individuals, that is good. Meat is nutritious. In particular, it packs much more protein per kilogram than plants do. However, animals have to eat plants to put on weight - so much so that feeding them accounts for about a third of harvested grain. Farm animals consume 8 per cent of the world’s water supply, and they produce around 15 per cent of unnatural greenhouse-gas emissions. More farm animals then, could mean more environmental trouble. 【1】 That as created a business opportunity. Though unwilling to adopt a vegetarian approach to diet, these people are keen on food that looks and tastes as if it came from farm animals, but didn’t. The simplest way to satisfy this demand is to concentrate on substitutes for familiar products. “Meat” made directly from plants, rather than indirectly, via an animal’s metabolism, is already on sale for the table and barbecue. Impossible Foods, a Californian firm, has deconstructed hamburgers, to work out what gives them their texture (质感) and flavour, and then either found or grown botanical equivalents to these. 【2】 For those who really want to eat steak while saving the planet, a second approach maybe more promising. That is “clean” meat made by taking animal cells and growing them in a factory to form strips of muscle. Steak is not yet on the menu, but burgers and meatballs may soon be. The field leader is Mosa Meat, a Dutch firm staffed by scientists. 【3】By 2020, it hopes, the price of making them will have come down to about $US 11 each. There is one more novel source of meaty protein that does not involve farm animals -at least, farm animals of the conventional sort. This is insects. Locusts (蝗虫), for example, are about 70 per cent protein. Insects do have to be fed, but being cold-blooded, they convert more food into body mass than warm-blooded mammals do and, being boneless, more of that body-mass is edible. 【4】 About 2 billion people eat insects already, but it seems few of us are willing to try. Changing that could be a hard sell. Grind (碾碎) the bugs up and use them as ingredients, though, and your customers might find them more acceptable. Hargol FoodTech, an Israeli startup, plans to do just that. Locustburgers, anybody? A. The first burger it made, in 2013, cost around $300,000. B. It launched its plant-based burger in a number of restaurants in America last year. C. Per edible gram, insects need only a twelfth of the food that cattle require. D. The problem is marketing. E. Plant-based "meat" products have made it onto menus and supermarket shelves. F. Some consumers, particularly in the rich West, get this.

8.

详细信息

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. The high school prom is the first formal social event for most American teenagers. It has also been a ceremony of passage for young Americans for nearly a century. The word “prom was first used in the 1890s, referring to formal dances in which the guests of a party would display their fashions and dancing skills during the evening’s grand march. In the United States, parents and educators have come to regard the prom as an important lesson in social skills. Therefore, proms have been held every year in high schools for students to learn proper social behavior. The first high school proms were held in the 1920s in America. By the 1930s, proms were common across the country. For many older Americans, the prom was a modest, home-grown affair in the school gymnasium. Prom-goers were well dressed but not fancily dressed up for the occasion: boys wore jackets and ties and girls their Sunday dresses. Couples danced to music provided by a local music band or a record player. After the 1960s, and especially since the 1980s, the high school prom in many areas has become a serious exercise in too much consumption, with boys renting expensive tuxedos and girls wearing designer gowns. Expensive cars were hired to drive the prom-goers to expensive restaurants or discos for an all-night entertainment. Whether simple or abundant, proms have always been more or less unpleasant events for adolescents who worry about self-image and fitting in with their fellow teenagers. Prom night can be a dreadful experience for teens who are not good at social skills or for those who do not secure dates. Since the 1990s, alternative proms have been organized in some areas to meet the needs of particular students. For example, proms organized by and for homeless youth were reported. There were also “couple-free proms to which all students are welcome.

9. 翻译	详细信息
Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets. 【1】即使天气再热，也不要整天待在空调房间里。(stay) 【2】一旦一个人学会了换位思考，就表明他正在走向成熟。(indicate) 【3】直到他听了那个讲座才意识到自己对于该领域的知识是如此的匮乏。(It) 【4】他们从没想到年底大桥就要建成通车了，这将使他们的出行更为便利。(occur, make)

10. 书面表达

详细信息

Directions: Write an English composition in 120-150 words according to the instructions given below in Chinese. Cheating on Exams 一次测验，课代表已分发了试卷，而老师因故晚到了几分钟，教室里乱作一团。请对以上情景进行描述，并谈谈你对于作弊的看法。 ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________