Scientists find that hardworking people live longer than average men and women. Career women are 1 than housewives. Evidence shows that the 2 are in poorer health than the job-holders. A study shows 3 the unemployment rate increases by 1%, the death rate 4 correspondingly (相应地) by 2%. All this comes down to one point: work is 5 to health.
Why is work good for health? It is 6 work keeps people busy, away from loneliness and solitude (孤独). Researches show that people feel 7, worried and lonely when they have nothing to do. Instead, the happiest are those who are 8. Many high achievers who love their careers feel that they are happiest when working hard. Work serves as a 9 between man and reality. By work, people 10 each other. By collective (集体的) activity, they find friendship and warmth. This is helpful to health. The loss of work 11 the loss of everything. It affects (影响) man spiritually and makes him liable to (易于) 12.
13, work gives one a sense of achievement (成就感). Work makes one feel his 14 and status in society. When a 15 finishes his writing or a doctor successfully 16 a patient or a teacher sees his students 17, all of them will be happy beyond 18.
From the above we can 19 the conclusion (结论) that the more you 20, the happier and healthier you will be. Let us work hard, study well and live a happy and healthy life.
“Nature and Nurture”
People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviour are formed. However, it is not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative and another is 1.
Social scientists are of course2interested in these types of questions. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviour. There are no clear answers yet, but two3schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one might expect, the two approaches are very different from each other, and there is a great deal of debate between4of each theory. The controversy(争论) is often conveniently referred to as “nature and nurture”.
Those who5the “nature” side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behaviour patterns are6determined by biological factors. That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behaviour is7to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory states that our behaviour is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our8.
Supporters of the “nurture” theory, or, as they are often called, 9, claim that our environment is more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beings whose behaviour is almost completely10by their surroundings. The behaviorists' view of the human being is quite mechanistic. They state that, like machines, humans respond to 11stimuli(刺激) as the basis of their behaviour.
Socially and politically, the consequences of these two theories are 12. In the US, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some “nature” supporters to conclude that blacks are genetically lower in status than whites are. Behaviorists, 13, say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often robbed of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy, and that, as a result, they do not develop the same14that whites do.
Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behaviour. As a matter of fact, it is quite15that the key to our behaviour lies somewhere between these two extremes and that the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.
Marmoset monkeys exist on a branch of the evolutionary tree that is distinct from the one that led to mans. But they constantly astonish researchers with 1 behavior that seems pretty highly evolved. Their social organization and 2 practices could have been the model for the phrase “It takes a village.” A dominant male and female breed, and their babies are carefully looked after by extended family members who then aren't free to breed themselves.
A new study further 3 the marmoset's reputation for admirable community values. Researchers report that these caregivers share their food more generously with little ones 4 than when they're surrounded by the watchful eyes of other community members. In complex societies where individuals band together for 5 protection, researchers have come up with a few widely accepted explanations for selfless behavior. But specific acts, like sharing a delicious cricket(蟋蟀) with a begging baby marmoset, seem to need more 6 explanation
One possibility is that an individual practices 7 as a means of enhancing his status among peers. By 8 that he is so well gifted with material goods that he can give some away, this do-gooder enhances his power within the group. That, in turn, may 9 prospective mates. The other explanation for charitable behavior 10 that kindnesses extended to others are simply the fees of group membership, which offers some future promise of a chance to mate. Failure to share would result in exclusion from the group and a loss of 11 partners. Scientists call this the “pay to stay” model. Importantly, for both of these models to work, acts of kindness must have a(n) 12. That suggests you would see more sharing in group settings; away from judging eyes, a caregiver might be more likely to keep food for himself or herself. And yet, in 2,581 tests conducted with 31 adult and 14 baby marmosets, the 13 appeared to be true
Anthropologists (人类学家) from the University of Zurich carefully documented how often, in groups and in conditions that found caregiver and baby separated from the crowd, an adult would share his or her cricket. When alone with a baby begging for a taste, adult marmosets shared their cricket 85% of the time. When in a group, caregivers offered up their cricket 67% of the time.” Our results show that helping in common marmosets is not driven by reputation management or 14 avoidance, “the study authors reported Rather, it is driven by a deep-down motivation to help that is more 15 expressed when individuals are alone with young.”
For many people today, reading is no longer relaxation. To keep up their work, they must read letters, reports, trade publications, interoffice communications, not to mention newspapers and magazines: a never-ending flood of words. In 1 a job or advancing in one, the ability to read and comprehend 2 can mean the difference between success and failure. Yet the unfortunate fact is that most of us are 3 readers. Most of us develop poor reading 4 at an early age, and never get over them. The main deficiency 5 in the actual stuff of language itself—words. Taken individually, words have 6 meaning until they are strung together into phrases, sentences and paragraphs. 7, however, the untrained reader does not read groups of words. He painfully reads one word at a time, often regressing to 8 words or passages. Regression, the tendency to look back over 9 you have just read, is a common bad habit in reading. Another habit which 10 down the speed of reading is vocalization—sounding each word either orally or mentally as 11reads.
To overcome these bad habits, some reading clinics used a(n) 12called an accelerator, which moves a bar (or curtain) down the page at a predetermined speed. The bar is set at a slightly faster rate 13 the reader finds comfortable, in order to "stretch" him. The accelerator forces the reader to read fast, 14 word-by-word reading, regression and sub vocalization, practically impossible. At first 15 is sacrificed for speed. But when you learn to read ideas and concepts, you will not only read faster, 16 your comprehension will improve. Many people have found 17 reading skill drastically improved after some training. 18 —Charles Au, a business manager, for instance, his reading rate was a reasonably good 172 words a minute 19 the training, now it is an excellent 1,378 words a minute. He is delighted that how he can 20 a lot more reading material in a short period of time.
Clouds are an ordinary sight. However, this Dutch 1 makes his own.
Berndnaut Smilde creates clouds in locations where nature would never 2 them. The inside of a church or museum looks different behind a cloud. And an everyday cloud looks 3 in a castle. The art project 4 the beauty of clouds. Each scene lasts only five seconds before it 5.
The ingredients (原料) for Smilde's clouds: just 6 and water vapor (水蒸气). The artist needs a cold and wet space with no wind. 7, the clouds will never 8 or will fall straight to the ground.
9 a cloud is formed, Smilde will run around it and turn it into a shape about 3 meters 10 and 1.8 meters tall. 11 he will step back far enough to take several pictures. Smilde will not stop until he is 12 with the results. 13, he creates a dozen clouds at a time.
Many people are interested in Smilde's project. Some 14 him to create clouds for them at a party or a wedding ceremony. Smilde, however, 15 them. He says he only creates clouds when the setting offers 16 fresh. The artist doesn't just want people to stare in 17 at his clouds. He also wants people to 18 the transience (转瞬即逝) of life. For the clouds, they exist only for a moment and then are gone forever.
"Each 19 is about being at the right place at the right time," Smilde says. "If you are seeing a photo, you have 20 missed it."
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The problem is that countries around the world have growing mountains of1because people are throwing out more things than ever before.
How did we2a throw-away society? First of all, it is now easier to3an object than to spend time and money repairing it. Thanks to modern manufacturing(制造业)and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and4.
Another cause is our 5of disposable products. Living in a society where efficiency comes first, we are always looking for6to save time and make our lives easier. Companies produce thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups and cameras, to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also7to the problem. We are8buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that the9is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we10useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world. We can see the11of this throw-away lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To12the amount of rubbish and protect the environment, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials.13, this is not enough to solve our problem.
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions 14throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes to15. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
Protecting China's Giant Pandas
China's giant pandas show the achievement of the international effort to save animals that are now in danger. In television programmes we often see pandas 1 funny games. Children have panda toys and beautiful cards with pictures of lovely 2 in them. They often visit the giant pandas in the zoos on 3 holidays and have a good time there. However, scientists are worried about 4 of giant pandas. They know only about 1,000 giant pandas remain 5 today. They think the giant pandas will die out in 30 years if the present conditions are not 6.
It is reported that the giant pandas have a very 7 birth rate. About 115 pandas live in the zoos and research centres mainly in China, but during the past 10 years they 8 only 34 9 pandas that are still alive. The survival rate of giant pandas in the wild is probably the same or lower.
There are several reasons for the low 10. The main reason is 11 male pandas can make love with females in a very 12 season—only a few days a year. When they do have babies, females often produce two pandas, but the mother is usually not able to care for 13 of them. The newborn pandas 14 only a few kilograms each. They are too weak to live without special care. In the zoo, scientists can help the mothers 15 the young pandas, but those living in the wild do not get enough 16. It is very difficult for mother pandas to bring up their young pandas.
Conditions for the giant pandas have been worse in recent years. Pandas in China continue to 17 in number. We know pandas live on bamboos. But sometimes all the bamboos in one area die. The pandas there have 18 to eat and die of hunger.
Giant pandas now live in 13 separate 19 areas in China. Several years ago the Chinese government and the International Wildlife Organization agreed 20 a project of protecting giant pandas in the wild. We hope it could be useful.
Some of the greatest problems we face today are concerned with the gradual destruction of our environment. Brown clouds; wildlife 1; polluted water. These 2 all seem so huge. So my family does what we can. We take cloth bags to stores instead of using plastic bags. We walk where we don't have to 3.
But does it do any good?
I recently learned something about flamingos(火烈鸟). These beautiful birds gather in 4 groups of a thousand or more. Every year, when the time 5 for migration, a few flamingos start the process by taking off from the lake. But 6 of the others seem to notice, so the tiny group returns.
However, the next day they 7 again. This time a few more struggle along with them, but the vast majority still 8 no attention, so these pioneers come back.
The 9 continues for several more days. Every time a few more birds join in but, 10 the thousands of others still take no 11, the great migration plan is once again 12.
Then one day something 13. The same small group of birds takes wing and a tiny number more join in, just as before. And this time their total number, though still quite 14, is enough to tip the balance. As one, the whole group takes flight and the migration 15. What a 16 sight it must be—thousands of flamingos taking to the sky at once!
A few can make a 17. It's true that all of the great problems of the world have been solved because of the 18 efforts of a few.
If you believe in a cause(事业), don't 19! Others will someday take notice and together we will 20 even our greatest problems.
The Amazon rainforest is so important that frequently regarded as the “lungs of the planet”. Scientists have found a small number of tree species that are doing the heaviest 1as they help to 2 global warming.
Their discovery that 182 species 3 half the rainforest wood-bound carbon suggests that the future of the world's climate, and the lines of its coastal areas are 4 with the fate of this small part of about 16,000 Amazonian tree species.
Despite ongoing logging (伐木工作)and recent drought, the Amazon is 5to perhaps a sixth of the carbon stored in living plants the world over, helping to keep 6 of climate-changing carbon dioxide 7in the atmosphere.
The Amazon is a particularly important carbon stock, and it's currently 8 a carbon sink,” Sophie Fauset said. ” What we're trying to do is increase our understanding of 9this carbon is going and which trees are storing it.”
“There are a few species that seem to grow 10 and those are the huge ones you'd want to emphasize in the 11 of the forest,” said professor John Battles.
“If you were managing to protect these forests, you would leave these trees.”
One of the most carbon-hungry types of trees 12 in the study was the Brazil nut tree, which grows 13 that can easily go beyond a height of 100 feet. 14 total growth and productivity they ranked fourth overall, and they were found to 15 1.3 percent of the forest's carbon.
“Given the huge biological diversity of tropical forests, 16 cycling would be more equally distributed among plant species,” Rosie Fisher said. “This 17 overturns (推翻)the originally imagined pattern.”
Fisher said she would be “ 18 to suggest the most obvious idea that we could store lots of carbon by planting these very large species”. Because so little is
known about how 19 they are to the types of droughts and fires that are 20 to become more common in the future, nor whether they would thrive (茁壮成长) in managed forests.
When discussing the causes of animal endangerment, it is important to understand that individual species are not the only factors involved in this difficult situation. Endangerment is a broad 1, one that involves the habitats and environments where species live and interact with one another. Although some measures are being taken to help specific cases of endangerment, the universal problem cannot be solved until humans 2 the natural environments where endangered species live. There are many reasons why a particular species may become endangered, but habitat destruction is on top.
Our planet is continually changing, causing habitats to be altered and modified. Natural changes tend to occur at a(n) 3 pace, usually causing only a slight 4 on individual species. However, when changes occur at a fast pace, there is little or no time for individual species to 5 and adjust to new situations. This can create disastrous results, and for this reason, rapid habitat loss is the primary cause of species endangerment. The strongest 6 in rapid habitat loss are human beings. Nearly every region of the earth has been affected by human activity, particularly during this past century. The loss of microbes in soils that 7 supported tropical forests, the extinction of fish and various aquatic species in polluted habitats, and changes in global climate brought about by the 8 of greenhouse gases are all results of human activity.
It can be difficult for an individual to 9 the effects that humans have had on specific species. It is also hard to identify or 10 human effects on individual species and habitats, especially during a human lifetime. But it is quite 11 that human activity has greatly contributed to species endangerment. 12, although tropical forests may look as though they are thick and healthy; they are13 highly susceptible (易受影响的) to destruction. This is because the soils in which they grow 14 nutrients. It may take centuries to re-grow a forest that was cut down by humans or destroyed by fire, and many of the world's severely threatened animals and plants live in these forests. If the current rate of forest 15 continues, huge quantities of plant and animal species will disappear.
Washoe is a young chimpanzee. She is no1chimpanzee, though. Scientists are doing a research 2 her. They want to see how civilized (驯化) she can 3. Already she does many things a human being can do.
For example, she has been learning how to exchange 4 with people. The scientists are teaching her 5 language. When she wants to be picked 6, Washoe points up with one finger. She rubs her teeth with her finger 7 she wants to brush her teeth. This is done after every meal.
Washoe has also been 8 to think out and find answers to problems. Once she was put in a 9 with food hanging from the ceiling. It was too high to 10. After she considered the 11, she got a tall box to stand 12. The food was still too high to be reached. Washoe found a 13 pole. Then she climbed onto the 14, grasped the pole, and 15 down the food with the pole. Washoe16 like a human, too. The scientists keep her in a fully furnished house. After a hard 17 in the laboratory, she goes home. 18 she plays with her toys. She 19 enjoys watching television before going to bed. Scientists hope to20 more about people by studying our closest relative — chimpanzee.
Next week, as millions of families gather for their Thanksgiving feasts (大餐), many other Americans will go without. According to the United States Department of Agriculture, more than 12 million households 1 enough food for everyone in their family at some time during the year — including 2.
Hunger is surprisingly widespread in our country — one of the world's wealthiest — yet the government estimates that we waste almost 100 billion pounds of food each year, more than one-quarter of our total supply.
Reducing this improper distribution of 3 is a goal of America's Second Harvest, the nation's largest domestic hunger-relief organization. Last year, it 4 nearly 2 billion pounds of food to more than 23 million people in need.
America's Second Harvest is a network of 214 inter-connected food banks and other organizations that 5 food from growers, processors, grocery stores and restaurants. 6, the network distributes food to some 50,000 soup kitchens (施食处), homeless 7 and old people's centers in every county of every state.
A great deal of work is involved in distributing tons of food from thousands of 8 to thousands of small, non-profit organizations. Until a few years ago, America's Second Harvest lacked any 9 way to manage their inventory (存货). Without accurate and timely information, soup kitchens were sometimes empty while food was left to 10 in loading places.
In 2000, America's Second Harvest began to use a new inventory and financial-management system — Ceres. It is a 11 designed specifically for hunger-relief operations. It is used by more than 100 America's Second Harvest organizations to 12 food from donation to distribution.
Ceres has helped 13 the spoiling of food and improve distribution. An evaluation found that the software streamlined (精简) food banks' operations by 23 percent in the first year alone.
With more accurate and timely reports, Ceres saves time, frees staff members to focus on finding new donors, and 14 more efficient use of donations.
Hunger in America remains a(n) 15 social problem. Technology alone cannot solve it. But in the hands of organizations such as America's Second Harvest, it is a powerful tool that is helping to make a difference — and helping more Americans to join in the feast.
Door-to-door food delivery service has become increasingly popular in cities due to the fast development of e-commerce and the fast-paced life in China. As food delivery is extremely 1 in China, it creates large amounts of waste due to the plastic containers, bags, and chopsticks that come with each order. This in turn has 2 great environmental concerns for the waste packaging materials. We have therefore estimated and predicted the volume of food delivery packaging waste in China. The results show that the total amount of packaging waste 3 from 0.2 million metric tons in 2015 to 1.5 million metric tons in 2017.
Over packaging is also a concern. The food delivery packaging is not the 4, the better. Instead, it is the more environmental friendly, the better. Therefore, it is high time that regulations were 5 to stop restaurants and companies from spending too much on unnecessary packaging and wrapping. Also, smart policy suggestions should be provided to 6 the pressing issues, particularly using the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle environmental friendly practices.
As the largest city in China, Shanghai has an important role in innovating and contributing to a global solution to the problem of waste. With over 24 million people living in Shanghai, materials sustainability, particularly that of plastics, is a great issue. 7, delivery companies like Saucepan have begun to 8 the plastic usage of the food delivery in Shanghai by using biodegradable(可降解的) packaging in the delivery process. 9, it encourages consumers to both recycle their plastic bags and stay in the business by rewarding customers for every 10 used bags that they return to the company.
The more delivery services that promote sustainability(可持续性), the more suppliers will see that there is a market for environmentally-friendly products. The food delivery service plays a role in the creation of waste in China, and innovating in this specific context can make a big 10 in the new plastics economy.
Every year, many dolphins worldwide are captured (捕获) and kept in small pools, performing for people, especially children. These dolphins are fed fish instead of having to1them. As a result, they start spending most of their time near the pool rather than underwater. They get out of shape and can no longer2long distances. It affects their3greatly, and has proved to have4consequences.
Thus comes the question, "Should captive dolphins be5?"
Jeff Foster, a 55-year old expert, decided to help two captive dolphins, Tom and Misha, to reach their top physical6. Every day, he used to train the two dolphins to get used to their wild homes again. Twenty months later, Tom and Misha began to act like7dolphins and they were set free back into the sea.
8Tom and Misha lived in captivity for 4-5 years, they were able to adapt to the wild. It was9what Foster had hoped for. His dreams for the dolphins had finally come true and he knew that the dolphins would10in the wild.
This program was a big success, but there have been others that failed. For example, another dolphin, Keiko, returned into the ocean in 2002, but11a year later because of all the misery (不幸) he12. The sudden environment change did not13him well.
If people want to avoid these accidents, we must go to great lengths and put in the14to ensure it doesn't happen ever again. In fact, with virtual reality technology picking up, there can still be great ways to15kids with sea animals without having to capture dolphins.
So far, many dolphins worldwide have been captured and kept in small pools, performing for people, especially kids. These dolphins are fed with fish instead of having to 1 them. Gradually, they start spending most of their time near the pool waiting for food rather than underwater. They get out of shape and can no longer 2 long distances, which affects their 3 greatly, resulting in 4 consequences (后果).
Thus comes the question, "Should captive(被俘的) dolphins be 5 ?"
Jeff Foster, an dolphin expert, decided to help two captive dolphins, Tom and Misha, to reach their top physical 6 . Every day, he used to train the two dolphins to get used to their wild homes again. Twenty months later, Tom and Misha began to act like 7 dolphins and they were set free back into the sea.
8 Tom and Misha lived in captivity for 4 to 5 years, they were able to adapt to the wild. It was 9 what Foster had hoped for. His dreams for the dolphins had finally come true and he knew that the dolphins would 10 in the wild.
This program was successful, but there have been other failures. For example, another dolphin, Keiko, returned into the ocean in 2002, but 11 a year later because of all the misery (不幸) he 12 . The sudden 13 change did not suit him well.
If people want to avoid these accidents, we must go to great lengths and put in the 14 to ensure it doesn't happen ever again. In fact, with virtual reality technology picking up, there can still be great ways to 15 kids with sea animals without having to capture dolphins.
In our modern world, when something wears out, we throw it away and buy a new one. The1 is that countries around the world have growing mountains of 2 because people are throwing out more rubbish than ever before.
How did we become a throwaway society? First of all, it is now easier to3 an object than to spend time and money to repair it. Thanks to modern manufacturing (制造业) and technology, companies are able to produce products quickly and inexpensively. Products are plentiful and 4.
Another cause is our5 of disposable (一次性的) products. As 6 people, we are always looking for ways to save time and make our lives easier. Companies 7 thousands of different kinds of disposable products: paper plates, plastic cups, and cameras, to name a few.
Our appetite for new products also8 to the problem. We are addicted to buying new things. Advertisements persuade us that 9 is better and that we will be happier with the latest products. The result is that we 10 useful possessions to make room for new ones.
All around the world, we can see the11 of this throwaway lifestyle. Mountains of rubbish just keep getting bigger. To 12 the amount of rubbish and to protect the 13, more governments are requiring people to recycle materials. 14, this is not enough to solve our problem.
Maybe there is another way out. We need to repair our possessions instead of throwing them away. We also need to rethink our attitudes about15. Repairing our possessions and changing our spending habits may be the best way to reduce the amount of rubbish and take care of our environment.
A strange thing happens to nearly everybody at night. They turn off the lights, pull up the covers and 1 their eyes. Several hours later, they 2 again. Strange, isn't it?
Sleep puzzles science. Scientists and doctors would rather talk about why one can't fall asleep. They are not so sure 3 causes sleep. The best conditions for sleep are good health and meal which is4 too big nor too small. No worries and a comfortable place can help you fall asleep5. They don't think it's good for two people to sleep in one bed. Strange things happen during sleep. For example, you move often. You would feel 6if you didn't. You also dream. Parts of your brain are still 7when you dream. Dreaming happens when the 8and imagination parts of your brain are still awake. In your dream, you can see things that happened 9or people you met before and you might even see things that never happen or people you never meet in your real life. Many scientists say 10 have shown that most of us dream in colour. Bad dreams may be caused by a stomachache. Don't worry if you dream. Some great stories and poems were begun while the writers slept.
TrackersonIce
Just because a scientist puts a GPS tracking collar on a wild polar bear does not mean the animal will obligingly keep it on. 1, these huge collars are purposefully loose. If one becomes annoying, a bear can 2 it. But scientists have now found a way to use 3 from the discarded(丢弃的)devices.
"These dropped collars4 would have been considered garbage data," says Natasha Klappstein, a polar bear researcher at the University of Alberta. She and her colleagues instead used 5 from such collars, left on sea ice in Canada's Hudson Bay, to track the ice itself. For their study, published in June in The Cryosphere, the researchers identified twenty collars that transmitted movement data in line with ice drift rather than polar bear 6 between 2005 and 2015. The resulting records of how melting ice typically drifts in Hudson Bay are unique. There are no easily 7 on-the-ground sensors, and satellite observations often cannot accurately capture the motion of small ice sheets.
The team8 the discarded collars' movements with widely used ice-drift modeling data from the U. S. National Snow and Ice Data Center(NSIDC). Collar data indicated that the NSIDC model underestimates the speed at which ice moves around in Hudson Bay-as well as the overall 9 of drift. Over the course of several months, the model could drift away from an ice sheet's location by a few hundred kilometers, the researchers say.
This means the bears may be working harder, when moving against the direction of the ice, than scientists had10: "Since we're underestimating the speed of drift, we're likely underestimating the energetic effort of polar bears, "says Natasha Klappstein. The research reveals 11 insight into how highly mobile ice moves. As melting increases in the coming years, such ice will likely become more 12 farther north, in the central Artic. Scientists had known NSIDC data could underestimate drift speeds, but "any time we can find a data 13, it is a good thing."
Plus, such data could improve predictions about how oil spills or other pollutants may14 in seas, littered with drifting ice, says Walt Meier, a senior NSIDC research scientist, who was not involved in the study. The findings may even 15 future NSIDC models: "It's a really nice data set, "Meier says. "And certainly one we'll take under consideration. "
Are you a man or a mouse? When people ask this question, they want to know whether you think you are a 1 person or a coward (懦夫). But you will never really know the answer to this question 2 you are tested in real life. Some people think they are brave but when they come face to face with real 3, they act like cowards. Others think of themselves as cowards, but when they meet danger, they act like 4.
Lenny had always thought of himself as a 5 person. He got worried before examinations. He worried about his job and health. All he wanted in life was to be safe and healthy. Then, on January 15th, 2002, a plane crashed into the Potomac River in Washington. Lenny went to the river to see what was happening. He saw a woman in the 6 water. Lenny did not feel afraid. He kept very 7 and did a very courageous thing. He jumped into the Potomac, 8 to the woman, and kept her head 9 the water. Seventy-eight people died that day. Thanks to Lenny, it was not 10.
When you are in a very 11 situation and feel afraid, the body automatically produces a chemical in the blood. The chemical is called adrenalin. With adrenalin in the blood system, you actually feel stronger and stronger and are 12 to fight or run away. However, when you are absolutely terrified, the body can produce too much adrenalin. When this 13, the muscles become very hard and you find you 14 move at all. You are then paralyzed (使无能为力) with fear. This is 15 when we are very frightened, we sometimes say we're "petrified". This word comes from the Greek word "petros", which means "stone". We are so frightened that we become stonelike.
Advertising is about creating images，and this is especially true when advertising food and drinks. What the1looks like is more important than what it tastes like. If companies hope to sell food successfully，the food must2appetizing（促进食欲的）.
Television advertising of food often uses3. Apparently，food looks especially appetizing if it moves. Chocolate sauce looks much more4when you see it being poured over ice cream than it does just sitting in a jar.
5effects also help to sell food：sausages sizzling(咝咝响) in a frying pan are mouthwatering. A TV6for a brand of coffee had the sound of coffee percolating(过滤) in the background. The commercial was so7that it lasted five years.
The8of food and its packaging is also very important. If the color looks9 ， people won't eat it. Nobody would normally eat blue bread or drink blue beer. Other10food colors are purple，gray，and in some cases，white.
How people expect something to taste often influences how it11does taste. Researchers gave some mineral water to two groups of people. They told one group that the water was mineral water，and almost all people said，"It tastes12. "Then the researchers told the other group that the water was tap water. This group said the water tasted a little funny. The word tap created a(n)13image of chlorine(氯).
It is the same with14. A food manufacturer gave a group of people the same15in a glass jar （瓶，罐）and in a can and asked them to taste it. They all claimed that the product in the glass jar tasted better.
So it seems to be true. Image is everything.
