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Inventions That Changed the World The medieval era was not short of groundbreaking ideas. As we'll explore here important scientific leaps and popular new products were invented in this era, some of which remain important to this day. The Printing Press Date 11 th—15th Century Use: Publishing Well before Johannes Gutenberg brought the idea of mass production of printed text to Europe with his Gutenberg Bible, the moveable type printing press was already in use in China. Before this, in Asia as in Europe, books were handwritten to be copied. In 1440 Gutenberg applied similar technology to mass produce books for the general public. Freeing up access to knowledge in a cheap and efficient way was a game changer. Coffee Date: 15tlh Century Use: Drink The exact timing and origin of coffee bean cultivation is greatly disputed, but we can say with some confidence that by the 15th century coffee beans were being grown and roasted for the production of coffee in the Yemeni region of Arabia. From there it would spread to Egypt and eventually to Europe. First though it took root in the Near East where the stimulating drink became a popular alternative to alcohol. The secondary offshoot of coffee drinking became the spread of coffeehouses where men would meet to play games like chess as well as discuss politics, smoke and listen to music. Gunpowder Date: 10th Century Use: Entertainment, Firearms The black powder was an incredibly important milestone for humanity. This relatively simple explosive mixture might be best known for its use in weapons and fireworks, but it also offered new means of mining for resources, which was a massive time — and energy-saving innovation. The formula originates in China where the mixture was first used for setting fires. The impact of this technology on the world of weaponry is well known to us now. 【1】What does the Printing Press and Gunpowder have in common? A.They have similar uses. B.They were related to China. C.They appeared at the same period. D.They were time-saving innovations. 【2】What was the impact of the Printing Press according to the passage? A.It produced books in Europe. B.It freed up lots of human labor. C.It changed the game of printing. D.It made knowledge accessible affordably. 【3】What did people in the Near East think of coffee? A.Another choice to alcohol. B.Means of mining for resources. C.A place to meet and play games. D.Important milestones for humanity. |
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| 2. | 详细信息 |
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The parenting styles of parents in the United States are often criticized. One type of parenting that is criticized is a helicopter parent. This kind of parents hover over their children like helicopters, which means these parents are always on top of their children. While being an aware and involved parent is not a bad thing, helicopter parents take it to the extreme. The actions of helicopter parents actually hurt children, by not teaching them to be responsible for their actions. For example, a helicopter parent would call their adult college-age child to wake them up to go to class, when part of college is learning to be responsible and learning to manage your own time. Helicopter parents arc also overly worried about their kids getting hurt. This means helicopter parents hold back their child's natural curiosity. Part of growing up means your kid has to get hurt, physically and emotionally. This is how lessons arc learned. Instead, the kids of helicopter parents can grow up to be overly needy, dependent adults. Some people blame the rise of helicopter parenting on the rise of cell phones. Mobile phones make it easier for parents to track their kids all the time. The opposite of the helicopter mom is the free-range mom. The free-range mom follows a slow parenting style, meaning she lets her kids explore the world at their own pace with little direction. The name free-range comes from the idea that kids should have the freedom to explore their world or range in a way that makes sense to them. This often means that free-range moms will not schedule activities like extra classes or play dates for their kids. Instead a free-range mom will just let her child play in a park. There is less of an emphasis on things like the latest toys. 【1】Which word can best describe a helicopter parent? A.Dependent. B.Overprotective. C.Demanding. D.Involved. 【2】Why may the actions of helicopter parents hurt their children? A.Their children may not be responsible for their actions. B.Their children will explore the world with little direction. C.Growing up means getting hurt physically and emotionally. D.Their children cannot get up on time for their college class. 【3】What partially caused helicopter parents to emerge? A.The ability to track people. B.The need to look after ones' kids. C.The rise of mobile phones. D.The lack of curiosity in youngsters. 【4】What will a free-range mom do according to the passage? A.Purchase the latest toys for their kids. B.Put their children through extra classes. C.Allow their children to explore the nature. D.Avoid exposing their kids to painful lessons. |
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| 3. | 详细信息 |
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Most sea turtles, whales and fish may have plastic in their bodies. To determine the various forms and colors of this material in marine animals, Marga Rivas at the University of Almeria in Spain and her team analyzed data from 112 studies published in the past decade. These looked for microplastics and larger macro plastics in marine species globally. Of the studies, 80 examined the gastrointestinal tracts (胃肠道)of animals to see what they had taken in. The others also looked at wider animal tissues to identify plastics that end up in other parts of the body. After examining all of the data, Rivas and her team concluded that 66 per cent of sea turtles have white-colored macro and microplastics in their systems, while 55 percent have a distinct class of plastic called microfibers, which are shed by some fabrics (织物). The high amount of white plastic in turtles was unsurprising, says Rivas, given that plastic of this color, particularly larger pieces, may resemble jellyfish, a large part of the animals' diets. Microfibers were also present in 80 percent of whales and dolphins - and white macro and microplastics in 38 percent of them. The researchers also concluded that clear fiber microplastics are probably the most common form of this waste that is taken in by large marine animals globally. Rivas and her colleagues also discovered that the animals with the highest rates of plastic were those in the Mediterranean and the northeast Indian Ocean. “The Mediterranean is the most contaminated sea in the world, so we expected to find these results,” says Rivas. Marine plastic pollution has increased roughly 10-fbld since 1980, and Rivas says the problem is worsened by inadequate water treatment systems. In parts of India and the southeast Mediterranean, waste water isn’t adequately treated or recycled, she says. This means that microfibers shed by fabrics in washing machines, and larger pieces of rubbish, enter the sea. “It’s possible to introduce management strategies to control these huge threats,” says Rivas. 【1】How did Rivas and her team conduct the study? A.By doing comparative experiments. B.By analyzing data from previous studies. C.By determining the forms and colors of plastics. D.By looking for plastics in global marine animals. 【2】Why was it unsurprising to find a large amount of white plastic in sea turtles? A.White plastic looks like the food sea turtles consume. B.More while plastic was in the sea than that of other colors. C.White plastic is the most common form of the plastic waste. D.White microfibers from fabrics were abundant in the oceans. 【3】What does the underlined word “contaminated” probably mean in the last paragraph? A.Researched B.Conserved C.Examined D.Polluted 【4】In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? A.Health. B.Lifestyle. C.Science. D.Education. |
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| 4. | 详细信息 |
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A mix of anxiety rising in my chest and a voice at the back of my mind shouting ‘what’s wrong with me?’ –it’s how I’ve felt about rejection my whole life. The earliest rejection I can remember was on my first day of school. I started the term late due to illness and the teacher asked the class who would play with me at break. The silence was deafening. Now, a bit of online dating sees us rejected by half the town before we've even started our day. There's not a break at work. Is there a worse feeling than hitting the final slide on your presentation, boldly asking 'any questions?' and looking around the room to see everyone on their phones? We need to build resilience. For me, this has come in two stages. First, I spent time listening to the voice of fear that saw each rejection as proof that there was something wrong with me. When I analysed it, I could see it was rarely about me. Perhaps the guy I was talking to was too busy to reply. It was likely that the magazine I'd sent a passage to already had an article on that topic. Now, I assume it's about me 20 per cent of the time - and I can live with that. The other thing I do is practice rejecting. Because I hate rejection, I shy away from being the rejector, which means I either please people or avoid tricky situations. Instead, I've come up with a few lines for when I want to say no: 'That sounds great but it's not for me; thank you for asking but I decline; it was lovely but I think we should leave it there.' It's never pleasant to reject a person but there is a kind way to do it. With resilience and clarity, we can see the plus sides of rejection: it frees us up to do something else, be with someone else and be happier. We can't complain about that. 【1】What is Paragraph 2 mainly about? A.The examples of the author's being rejected. B.The experiences of the author's online dating. C.The reasons of the author's lateness for school. D.The feelings of the author's being ignored at work. 【2】What did the author find after analyzing the reason of rejection? A.He could live with it. B.It was partly about him. C.He did something wrong. D.It had nothing to do with him. 【3】What might be the author's advice when you reject others? A.Do it with resilience and clarity. B.Come up with a few pleasant lines. C.Please others or avoid tricky situations. D.Show your kindness and don't complain. 【4】What is one of the benefits of rejection? A.It enables us to live. B.It gives us more time. C.It has some plus sides. D.It does something else. |
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| 5. | 详细信息 |
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Bullying is one of most powerful forms of control that one person can use against another. The aim is to make the victim feel inferior, with the other in the superior position. We need to do more to stop it and educate people to understand that we all have a duty to be respectful and considerate towards others. 【1】 It can take a lifetime to recover from such suffering. One of the key challenges when it comes to bullying is that the actions against you seem personal and you feel all alone. The various forms it takes make you miserable, including verbal attacks, social exclusion and silent treatment. Still, there is something you can do about it. Recognise and reach out. 【2】. Recognition depends on seeing a pattern. For anyone feeling unsettled at work, it's worth making a note of incidents, recording the date and time, how you felt and whether there were witnesses. 【3】 Tell someone you trust. This is the most enabling thing you can do. This step can be difficult 【4】. That sense of shame is what the bully relies on to keep the secret. No one deserves to be bullied. Remember that you are not to blame for the way you are being treated, 【5】 A.It may not be easy to identify bullying. B.but you need to be brave enough to tackle it head-on C.Identifying the problem and getting support are crucial D.because no one deserves to feel invisible and unworthy E.because it means breaking through your own denial, disbelief and shame F.Bullying leads to feelings of being left out and can have long-lasting effects G.This account will be useful when you stand up for yourself and reclaim your power |
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| 6. 完形填空 | 详细信息 |
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I never thought I would venture （冒险）far from home. For my undergrad degree, I only_______to universities within an hour of my hometown in the UK. When I decided to_______ a Ph. D. , I stayed at the same university. I still wasn't _______ I was a great student, and staying seemed like the _______ option. A few years later, as I was considering a postdoc （博士后）,I was determined to once again stay close to home, in the _______ of my Ph. D. lab. I heard about a fellowship program in Japan that sounded like a good _______, and the flexibility of the program _______ me. I decided that, if I were accepted, I would stay for 3 months — long enough to experience a new place, but short enough to make the future less _______ . But when I was accepted, the head of the group wanted me to stay for the full year. I _______I was excited about the research. But the thought of being so far from home for so long made me __________ . I didn't speak any Japanese. I wouldn't know anyone. Would I be __________? I worked up my ________ after much consideration, and________ up for the year-knowing that, if things went badly, I could come home earlier. Almost everything was________from what I was used to. In the lab the________and culture were new to me. Talking with my new________about their experiences conducting research helped open my eyes to new ways of doing things. After winning the scholarship, I now feel ________ I can do anything. Humans are creatures of________. We resist change. However, if I hadn't moved, I would not have experienced many________and wonderful things or met many friends. So the move gave me the________to learn and experience. 【1】A.returned B.applied C.contributed D.responded 【2】A.evaluate B.abandon C.pursue D.explore 【3】A.aware B.content C.worried D.convinced 【4】A.easy B.safe C.rare D.tough 【5】A.comfort B.glory C.possession D.atmosphere 【6】A.example B.change C.promise D.fit 【7】A.improved B.lived up to C.challenged D.appealed to 【8】A.moving B.frightening C.exciting D.disappointing 【9】A.hesitated B.regretted C.agreed D.refused 【10】A.guilty B.anxious C.brave D.cheerful 【11】A.unhappy B.unfriendly C.unhealthy D.unlucky 【12】A.curiosity B.dignity C.desire D.courage 【13】A.looked B.signed C.made D.held 【14】A.separate B.absent C.free D.different 【15】A.comments B.degree C.practices D.fortune 【16】A.students B.competitors C.colleagues D.volunteers 【17】A.strongly B.slightly C.abruptly D.gradually 【18】A.emotion B.conscience C.habit D.ambition 【19】A.odd B.common C.new D.popular 【20】A.opportunity B.pleasure C.motivation D.method |
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| 7. | 详细信息 |
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阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 The current COVID-19 pandemic 【1】(make) many normal parts of life scary for us so far. One of those things is using a public restroom. You may have heard that the virus can 【2】 (spread) in dirty bathrooms. This is partially true, 【3】there's no need to panic if you're care fill. As long as you follow 【4】(base) guidelines and leave the restroom as soon as you're finished, you can protect yourself and should be at a low risk for catching COVID-19. A restroom is a 【5】 (close) space where a lot of people come and go, so there’s a chance that virus droplets could be in the air. 【6】(protect) yourself you might as well put on your mask before entering the restroom. Leave it 【7】until you leave the restroom and get back to a non-public area. In general, the less time you spend in the restroom, the【8】 (good). This reduces your chances of coming in close contact with anyone and 【9】(infect). Don't spend more time in the restroom 【10】you have to, and leave as soon as you're done. |
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| 8. 改错 | 详细信息 |
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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文.文中共有10处语言 错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号(A),并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除：把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。 修改：在错的词下划一横线，并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意：1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词； 2.只允许修改10处，多者(从第11处起)不计分。 What do monkeys feed? Bananas, right? However, bananas aren't actual part of their natural diet. In the wild, monkeys usually eat flowers, leaf and insects. They also eat fruits, and which don't include bananas. One zoo in England take note of that. The zoo stopped feeding it’s monkeys bananas, so the animal experts there believe that bananas are bad for their health. The animal experts explain that bananas don't have many protein or fiber. They also have too much sugar. So, giving monkeys bananas is equal to give people cake and chocolate. All that sugar can lead to healthy problems for the monkeys. They can lose their teeth, get fat or get diabetes. |
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| 9. 书面表达 | 详细信息 |
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假设你是李华，你的英国好友Emma写信询问你新的一年你做了怎样的新年决心，你根据一下要点回信。 1.新年决心的内容 2.实现的步骤 3.对对方的祝福 注意： 1.字数100字左右，注意开头结尾； 2.适当加内容使文章连贯。 Dear Emma, How's everything going? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Yours, Li Hua |
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