The cultures of the East and the West really distinguish from each other a lot. This is because the culture systems are two 1 systems on the whole.

    The origin of the eastern culture is mainly from two countries: China and India. Both of the two cultures are gestated（孕育） by 2. In China, the mother river is the Yellow River, 3 the Indian one is the Hindu River. These two cultures have 4 for several thousand years and formed their own styles. Then in Tang Dynasty of China, the Chinese culture 5 went overseas to Japan, 6 into the Japanese society and 7 the Japanese culture nowadays. Though a bit different from the Chinese one, it 8 to the same cultural system.

    When the two mother rivers gave birth to the eastern culture, another famous culture was 9 on the Mesopotamian Plain(米索不达米亚平原): the Mesopotamian Civilization. This civilization later on developed into the cultures of the Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. And these two are well-known as the 10 of the European culture. 11 the Chinese culture, the European one is also 12 to waters. When the colonists(殖民者) of England 13 in America, their culture went with them over the Atlantic Ocean. So the American culture doesn't 14 from the European one a lot.

    At the same time, the 15 of the language systems adds to the cultural differences. In the East, most languages belong to the pictographic(象形文字的) languages while the Western languages are 16 based on the Latin system, for example, the one I'm using to write this paper.

    Other factors like human race difference counts 17 . However, 18 the far distance and the steep areas between the East and West, the two cultures seldom 19 until recent centuries. 20 they grew up totally in their own ways with almost no interference from the other.

    On the first day of your Senior High you must meet many new classmates. Do you want to make friends with them? Do you know how to make friends with them? The following article will tell you how to do it.

    Making friends is a skill. Like most skills, it improves 1 practice. If you want to meet people and make friends you must be 2  to take action. You must first go to places where there are people. You won't make friends 3  at home alone. Join a club or group, for talking with those who 4  the same experience as you is easier, and 5  them in some activities.

    Many people are 6  when talking to strangers. After all, meeting strangers means facing 7 , and it's human nature to 8  a bit uncomfortable about the unknown.

    Most of our fears about dealing with strange people 9  from doubts about ourselves. We10  other people are judging us, thinking us too tall or too short, too this or too that. 11 , don't forget that they must be feeling the same way. Try to accept yourself 12  you are, and try to put the other person at ease. You'll 13  feel more comfortable.

    Try to act self-confidently 14  you don't feel that way 15  you enter a room full of strangers, such as a new classroom, walk straight, look 16  at other people and smile. If you see someone you'd like to 17 , say something. Don't wait for the other people to 18  a conversation.

    Just meeting someone 19  doesn't mean that you will make friends with that person. Friendship is 20  on mutual（相互的）liking and “give and take”. It takes time and effort to develop. And there are things that keep a new friendship from growing.

    Many people argue that working can be a valuable experience for the young. However, working more than about 15 hours a week is 1 for teens because it reduces their involvement with school, and 2 a materialistic and expensive lifestyle.

    Schoolwork and the benefits of extracurricular activities tend to be 3 when teens work long hours. As more and more teens have filled the many part-time jobs, teachers have faced increasing 4. They must both keep the attention of 5 pupils and give homework to students who simply don't have time to do it.6, educators have noticed less involvement in the extracurricular activities that many consider a 7 influence on young people. School bands and athletic teams are 8 players, and sports events are 9 attended by working students. Those teens who try to do it all may find themselves 10.

    Another 11 of too much work is that it may promote materialism and an unrealistic lifestyle. Some parents say that working helps teach teens the 12 of a dollar.13 that can be true. It's also true that some teens work to help their family or to save for college.14, surveys have shown that a lot of working, teens use their earnings to buy luxuries. These young people won't spend 15 —they can just about have it all. In many cases, they are getting used to a lifestyle they won't be able to 16 several years down the road, when they no longer have parents 17 car insurance, food, and so on. At that point, they won't have enough money to pay for necessities as well as luxuries.

    Teenagers can 18 the benefits of work while avoiding its drawbacks, simply by 19 their work hours during the school year. As is often the case, a moderate (适度的) approach will be the most healthy and 20.

    I've suffered with serious social anxiety and anger problems as long as I can remember.

    A couple of years ago I1what I thought was a good plan of keeping positive: every time I became2about something I couldn't change, I'd do a casual act of3 Things like losing money or not getting a promotion saw me4goods to our local food bank(食品赈济处).

    At the5of this June I myself and my partner went on our first holiday in years. We climbed Mt. Teide.6I stood at the top with a state of high altitude,7in my brain seemed to burst. I felt8and came down that mountain as quickly as I could.

    This anxious feeling about the9in the early June lasted, but I went back to work and didn't 10 I knew scares didn't 11the problem. I actually removed my headphones to talk to someone I knew in the street. I was12 I went to the supermarket and13 which kept me cool. I lost some money, but I thought it was only money.

    When I got home, I turned on the computer. Beyond my14, I found this site and the smile15through surfing on the web. In the16were these smiles card which I'd never heard of. So here I am.

    I changed my17acts plan after the early June trip, for every day I was anxiety-free. I'd do something to say thank you to life for a good day. By now I've 18 food for humans and pets in need of help, and helped strangers 19 their shopping upstairs. The universe was possibly sending me a20message with the smile cards.

    All over the world people swim for fun. Swimming is enjoyed by people of 1ages, from the very young to the very old. There are many places for people to swim in swimming pools. Many schools, hotels and clubs have swimming pools. Some people have pools of2in their yards.

    Swimming is one of3forms of exercise. It can4 hearts and bodies strong. It can also help blood circulate(循环). Handicapped people can keep their bodies in better condition by swimming5they can't enjoy sports.

    6 is a good idea for parents to see to it(务必做到) that their children learn to swim7an early age. So their children will8it for the rest of their lives.

    There are many rules for water safety. These rules can help save not only your life9the life of a friend. First of all, know10. Many schools11 swimming lessons to children. Adults(成人) can learn to swim at public pools.12 rule to remember is never to swim 13. Always swim with a friend and know 14 in the water at all times. It is best to swim 15 in safe places if you are beginners. If every one learned to swim and obeyed the rules for water safety, most drawing(溺水) could be avoided.

    Do you know how many languages there are in the world? There are about 1500, but many of them are not considered very 1. English is considered one of most important languages because many people 2 it, not only in England and America, 3 in other countries of the world. About 200 000 000 speak it 4 their own language, and another 230 000 000 use it as 5 language. It is 6 to say how many people are learning it. 7 boys and girls in schools are trying to do so.

    Many 8 children study French. French is also a very important language. 9 children study German, Russian, Japanese and Chinese.

    Which is the best 10 to learn a language? We know that we all learnt 11 language well when we were 12. If we learn a second language in the 13 way, it may not seem so difficult. What does a small child do? It 14 what people say, and it tries to guess what it hears. When it wants something, it has to 15 it. It is using the language, 16 and talking in it all of the time. If people use a second language 17, they will learn it 18.

    In school, you learn to read, to write, to hear and to 19. It is best to learn all new words through the 20. You can read them, spell them and speak them later.

    The job of raising children is a tough one. Children don't come with an instruction manual(说明书).And each child is 1 . So parents sometimes pull their hair out in frustration, not 2 what to do. But in raising children, what we do is3 by our culture. Naturally then, American parents teach their children basic American 4.

    To Americans, the goal of parents is to help children 5 on their own feet. From 6, each child may get his or her own room. As children grow, they get more 7 to make their own choices. 8 choose their own forms of entertainment, as well as the friends to 9 them with. When they 10 young adulthood, they choose their own jobs and marriage 11.Of course, many young adults still 12 their parents' advice and approval for the choices they make. But once they "leave the 13" at around 18 to 21 years old, they want to be on their own, not 14 to their mothers' apron strings(围裙带).

    The relationship between parents and children in America is very informal.  American parents 15 their children as individuals—not as extensions of themselves. They 16 them to achieve their own dreams.

    Americans praise, encourage and give their children the 17 to succeed. When children become adults, their parents becomes more like 18. But 19 to popular belief, most adult Americans don't make their parents pay for room and board when their parents come to 20 them. Even as adults, they respect and honor their parents.

Keeping it in the family

    "You understand grandmother when she talks to you, don't you, darling?" The girl nods. I met her, her Japanese mother and English father on a plane to Japan. The parents were eager to 1 their experience of bringing up their daughter bilingually (使用双语地) in London. It isn't easy: the husband does not speak Japanese, so the child hears the language only from her mother, who has come to 2 that the girl will reply in English. This can be painful. Not sharing your first language with loved ones is hard. Not passing it on to your own child can be especially tough. Many immigrant parents feel a sense of 3.

    Children learn languages easily, but this doesn't mean that 4 exposure is enough. They must hear a language quite a bit to understand it—and use it often to be able to speak it comfortably. This is mental work, and a child who doesn't have an intention to speak a language will often avoid it. So languages often die when parents move abroad. In the past, governments discouraged immigrant families from keeping their languages. These days, officials tend to be 5; some even see a valuable resource in immigrants' language abilities. Yet many factors ensure that children still lose their parents' languages, or never learn them. A big one is institutional 6. A child's time spent with a second language is time not spent on their first. So teachers often discourage parents from speaking their languages to their children. Parents often 7 obey, worried about their children's education. This is a(n) 8, for children really can master two languages or even more. Research does indeed suggest their vocabulary in each language may be somewhat smaller for a while, but other studies hint at intellectual advantages among bilinguals. They may be more skillful at complex tasks, better at maintaining attention.

    Even without those side effects, 9, a bilingual child's connection to another culture is a good thing in itself. How to 10? When both parents share the native language, the strategy is often to speak that at home, and the national language outside. But when they have 11 languages, perhaps the most common approach is "one parent, one language". Francois Grosjean, a language expert from Switzerland, 12 the necessity. He recommends reserving occasions on which the only language that may be spoken is the one that needs 13. Sabine Little, a language expert at the University of Sheffield, puts the emphasis elsewhere. Making the native language yet another task 14 by parents can lead to rejection, she argues. She recommends letting the child form their own 15 connection to the language, for languages are not just another thing to be drilled into a young mind, but a matter of the heart.

    A recent survey in the United States showed that the average family spent more money on its pets than on its children. Although rather shocking, it should not 1anyone who has seen the doggy parlors(客厅)where loved pets rest. It is possible that:  Americans are unique in treating their little friends in this way, but the information we have suggests that the English, too, are 2to their pets.

    This can clearly be seen when we look at pet foods, which often contain more vitamins than human food or at least, are 3less nutrition. They certainly cost much. Last year the British public spent two hundred million pounds on pet food alone, 4veterinary(兽医的)bills or animal furniture. It is difficult not to feel 5with this when considering what the same amount could do for victims of starvation and poverty, so it is 6for me to get hot under collar when I read an old man left all his money to his dog instead of his children.

    There are a variety of reasons why I find the popularity of British pets 7. They cause physical problems. An example of this is New York where they have great difficulty getting rid of the mess that dogs leave on the streets. Many people find this funny, but in a number of large cities it is a major problem. Animals can cause disease, too. It is the threat of rabies­a disease with no known cure­that has made the English government impose strict 8on animals coming into the United Kingdom. When the Spanish government recently 9a number of stray dogs as protection against the same threat, English tourists immediately wrote letters to the newspapers 10about 'mass murder'.

    Another problem is the 11of pet owners. Most little children want a dog or a cat, and they continually push their mothers and fathers until they get one. It is only when the "sweet little thing" has been brought home that the parents realize how much time and money must be spent on "Rover" or "Bonzo". Then they just 12it. This brings me to my last point. Pets, which run free, are often not 13at all. English farmers lose hundreds of sheep a year, killed by someone's pet and you must have read of children being hurt by some pets of their own.

    14, I would only suggest that we have got our 15wrong and that something should be done about it. In my view, it's time we stopped being sentimental about pets.

Protecting China's Giant Pandas

    China's giant pandas show the achievement of the international effort to save animals that are now in danger. In television programmes we often see pandas 1 funny games. Children have panda toys and beautiful cards with pictures of lovely 2 in them. They often visit the giant pandas in the zoos on 3 holidays and have a good time there. However, scientists are worried about 4 of giant pandas. They know only about 1,000 giant pandas remain 5 today. They think the giant pandas will die out in 30 years if the present conditions are not 6.

    It is reported that the giant pandas have a very 7 birth rate. About 115 pandas live in the zoos and research centres mainly in China, but during the past 10 years they 8 only 34 9 pandas that are still alive. The survival rate of giant pandas in the wild is probably the same or lower.

    There are several reasons for the low 10. The main reason is 11 male pandas can make love with females in a very 12 season—only a few days a year. When they do have babies, females often produce two pandas, but the mother is usually not able to care for 13 of them. The newborn pandas 14 only a few kilograms each. They are too weak to live without special care. In the zoo, scientists can help the mothers 15 the young pandas, but those living in the wild do not get enough 16. It is very difficult for mother pandas to bring up their young pandas.

    Conditions for the giant pandas have been worse in recent years. Pandas in China continue to 17 in number. We know pandas live on bamboos. But sometimes all the bamboos in one area die. The pandas there have 18 to eat and die of hunger.

    Giant pandas now live in 13 separate 19 areas in China. Several years ago the Chinese government and the International Wildlife Organization agreed 20 a project of protecting giant pandas in the wild. We hope it could be useful.

Some American leaders proposed major1in the language. Benjamin Franklin wanted a whole2system of spelling. His3were not accepted. But his ideas did4others. One was Noah Webster.

Webster5language books for schools. He believed the United States should have a system of its own language as well as government. Webster6a dictionary of the American language in 1828. It established7for speaking and spelling the words8in American English.

Webster wrote that all words should be said in the order of the9that spell them. This is why Americans use the letters "e-r" to10many words instead of the British "r-e." He11the word "center," for example, "c-e-n-t-e-r," instead of the British "c-e-n-t-r-e."

Noah Webster said every part of a word should be12. That is why Americans say "sec-re-ta-ry" instead of "sec-re-try," as the British do. Webster's rule for saying every part of a13to a large extent made American English14for foreign settlers to15. They learned to say "waist-coat," for example, the way it is spelled instead of the British "wes-kit."

The different16of many people who came to the United States also17make American and British English18. Many of their foreign words and19became part of English as Americans20 it today.

In the World Cup, the U. S. and England aren't traditionally rivals. But, off the field, a different type of 1 has dominated for more than a century: what to call the world's most popular sport.

To Americans, it's soccer. The most of the rest of the world (including England, the birthplace of the modern sport), it's football. But what most people don't know is that the word "soccer" is not 2 an American invention. On the contrary, it was a(n) 3 from England, and one that was commonly used there until relatively recently, when it became too much of an Americanism for British English to bear.

At least, that's the 4 made by Stefan Szymanski, a professor of sports economics at the University of Michigan. In a paper from 2014, Szymanski writes that "soccer" 5 late 19th-century England, as a way of differentiating between variants of the game which at the time did not have a commonly 6 set of rules.

In the early 1800s in England, football and rugby existed as different 7 of the same game. But in 1863, the Football Association was 8 to standardize the rules of football so that nobles boys from different schools could play against one another. In 1871, the Rugby Football Union followed suit. The two sports 9 became known as Rugby Football and Association Football.

In England, Szymanski writes, noble boys 10 the shortened terms "rugger" and "soccer" to differentiate between Rugby Football and Association Football. To support this argument, he cites a letter to The New York Times, published in 1905: "It was a 11 to Oxford and Cambridge to use 'er' at the end of many words, such as foot-er, sport-er, and as Association did not take an 'er' easily, it was, and is, sometimes spoken of as Soccer."

And the term, Szymanski says, was widely 12 in England through the first half on the twentieth century. It became even more popular after World War II - driven, he suggests, by the number of American soldiers in the country and the 13 with American culture around the world that came after the war.

But by the 1980s, Brits started to 14 the word, as soccer became a more popular sport in the United States. "The penetration of the game into American culture," Szymanski writes, "has led to backlash against the use of the word in Britain, where it was once considered a(n) 15 to the word 'football'".

It is proved that a young scientist named Will Smith has invented a kind of advanced and intelligent robot. The small robot may help children who are1from a long-term illness in hospital or at home.

Whoever has had a long-term illness knows that recovering at home can be 2, as everyone can't keep them3, especially when their family go out to work. These children may feel4from their friends and classmates, which can be particularly 5 of children. They may feel 6. Now these children may have a high-tech friend to help7the sense of loneliness. The friend is a robot, which takes their8at school. Through the robot, the children can 9 teachers and classmates. They10 participate in class from 11 they are recovering. Mr Smith, the inventor12how it works. He says the child uses a tablet or phone to start the robot. Then the 13 uses the same device to control the robot's movements at school; the robot becomes the ears and 14 of the child, so that he or she can take part in classroom activities— 15 he or she is at home or from a hospital bed. The robot is 16with microphones that make 17 easy. It will become 18 to the public, for not only does it look simply cool but people can afford it. 19, it will help some children feel 20 lonely while they are absent from class.

American culture is unique because it is formed and developed under certain conditions. The major factors1to the forming of American culture are the hard environment, ethnic diversity and plural religion, which is quite different from other countries in the world.2, these elements are 3influencing American culture.

The early immigrants who were English Puritans4 in northeast part of America. From 1607 to 1892, frontiers were pushed further west. The frontiersmen 5for a land of rich resources and a land of promise, 6and freedom. 7they looked for a better life. So individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have been perhaps the values most closely8with the frontier heritage of America.

In history, people from different9in the world rushed to America three times. They brought their own culture to America and 10, different cultures were 11together. Thus the 12American culture is formed. The fundamental American belief 13individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion are at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great 14of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism, and almost 15of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States.

Nowadays, we can see the continual 16of these elements on the current American society. American family is typically parents and their17children. Middle-aged and elderly people 18do not live with their married children. The people in America have a very strong desire to start a new life in a 19place. A number of people change residence every year. An American moves fourteen times in his lifetime20.

Men and women may have different experiences in shopping for clothes.

A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in 1. He knows what he wants, and his 2 is to find it and buy it. All men 3 walk into a shop and ask the shop assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock (库存), the deal can be done and 4 is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat to everyone's 5. Sometimes, the salesman tries to sell them something else. Few men have 6 with this treatment.

For a woman, buying clothes is always done in the 7 way. Her shopping is not often 8 on need. She has never fully decided what she wants, and she is only "having a look around". She is always 9 to persuasion, willing to try on any number of things. Deep in her mind is the thought of finding something that 10 thinks suits her. Most women have an excellent sense of value and are always on the lookout for the unexpected 11. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another 12 selecting the dress she wants to 13. It is a tiresome process, but clearly a(n) 14 one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting 15.

Many Western cultures measure their days with the solar calendar. Therefore, they 1the coming of the New Year on January 1. Cultures in Asia use other calendars and celebrate the New Year at other times. Events and rituals2from country to country. But in each place, New Year celebrations are a big 3.

Most world cultures have been celebrating the New Year for centuries. The earliest New Year celebrations took place during spring or4time. With 5weather ahead, or plenty of food to eat, people 6felt like having a party! As the days became longer and as nature renewed itself, people also felt like they could have a new start. The New Year could bring better fortune, more opportunities and new challenges. Such 7ideas remain the same today.

Some cultures have 8 New Year traditions. Italians throw old things out of their windows at midnight, symbolizing the 9of the old. People of the Philippines fire guns into the air to ward off 10Danes jump off chairs exactly as the clock 11midnight, so they can jump into the New Year. Greek children leave their shoes by the fireplace on New Year's Day. They hope someone will come and fill the shoes with12. In Vancouver, Canada, some people celebrate the New Year by jumping into the ocean. The weather is freezing cold! As you might expect, most people come to watch the swimmers 13swim themselves.

London hosts an annual New Year's Day parade that 14nearly a million spectators. It features bands, floats and enormous balloons. These balloons are so huge that they15over nearby buildings!

In July 1984, the famous author and runner Jim Fixx died of a heart attack while running. One 1 from his death: just because you run does not mean you are safe from heart problems. Thirty-five years later, Boston Marathon race director Dave McGillivray is 2 that message. "Being fit and being healthy aren't the same things," he says. McGillivray, a 3 runner, should know it. Six months ago, he had heart surgery after suffering chest pain and shortness of 4 while running. McGillivray's family had a long history of heart problems. "I honestly thought that 5 exercise, cholesterol-lowering (降固醇的) medicine, good sleep and the right diet, I'd be fine," he says. "But you can't run away from your 6."

Aerobic exercise (有氧运动) such as running, walking, 7 and swimming is known to reduce the risk of many health problems. But new research is questioning the value of "8exercise". In a study 9 in December, researchers in Spain found information suggesting that full marathons, 10 the famous Boston marathon, might injure the heart. Dr. Kevin Harris is a cardiologist (心脏病专家). He notes that running is a good activity,  11 the act of running "doesn't make you invincible (不可战胜的)". Harris adds that people who have a family history of heart problems should talk with their health care providers 12 running a marathon. " 13," he added, "men who are older than 40 and those people who have symptoms (症状) they're concerned about".

McGillivray says his doctor allowed him to race in the upcoming Boston Marathon. He has 14 in it every year for 47 years. "My new mission," he says, "is to create 15. If you feel something, do something...You might not get a second chance."

 A tornado is a rotating 1 of air from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most 2 has winds of more than 400 kilometres per hour.  

 Tornadoes can 3  cars, trains and even houses and put them down in the next street or 4  in the next town. They can take the fur5 the back of a cat. They destroy houses, but 6 the furniture inside exactly where it was.  

 7 , there are 800 tornadoes in the US each year, 8  about 80 deaths and 1,500 injuries. The worst tornado of all time occurred in 1925, 9  three US states. By the time it ended, more than 700 people had been killed and 2,700 had been 10 .  

 11  are strong tropical storms. They cause huge waves, heavy rain and12  and usually hit the east coast of the US from Texas to Maine. The13  hurricane of all time occurred in 1,900. The disaster killed 6,000 people in a 14 of 37,000 and destroyed 3,600 buildings.  

 Charles Coghlan, an Irish actor, 15 to New York and became famous there. Then he moved to Galveston, 16  he died in 1899, a year before the hurricane17 . The cemetery where he was 18 was destroyed by the hurricane and his coffin19  in the sea. Eight years later, the coffin was found by fishermen in the east of Canada. The Gulf Stream had 20 it 3,000 kilometers up the eastern US coast to Canada. Coghlan traveled to Canada after he had been buried in Texas! 

Teens in the United States like teens in many countries have more leisure time today than ever before. But over a number of decades, there have been some 1 in how teenagers spend their time after school.

2 school clubs remains a common after-school activity. According to a study, the three most popular are sports clubs, performing arts clubs, and academic clubs—the same as 20 years age. While overall participation in these clubs has gradually 3 over the last two decades, this does not mean that students are less active.

Teens today are more likely to4or work with community groups. High school seniors are thinking about 5. They know that academic grades, school activities, and community 6 are all important in making a 7application for college.

While the kinds of activities that students take part in at school have not changed greatly, high school teens now spend their leisure time out of school in very 8 ways. For example, teens today are less likely to visit a friend 9 than 20 years ago. And perhaps 10, they are far less likely to read a print newspaper or magazine.

One reason is 11 to the Internet, and it has 12 become their main channel for 13 and getting information. Calling and texting are the most popular means of communication among teens. Teens also 14 friends through social media. A study in 2018 showed that 45% teens are online almost constantly and 97% use a social media platform. This trend is likely to 15.

Young children across the globe enjoy playing games of hide and seek. For them, there's something highly exciting about 1 someone else's glance and making oneself unable to be seen.

However, we all witness that preschool children are remarkably 2 at hiding. They often cover only their eyes with their hands, leaving the rest of their bodies 3 .

For a long time, this ineffective hiding method was 4 as evidence that children are hopelessly "egocentric"（自我中心的）creatures. But our 5 research results in child developmental psychology 6 that idea.

We brought young children aged 2-4 into our Minds in Development Lab at USC. Each 7 sat down with an adult who covered her own eyes or 8 . We then asked the child if she could 9 or hear the adult. Surprisingly, children replied that they couldn't. The same 10 happened when the adult covered her own mouth: 11 children said that they couldn't 12 to her.

A number of 13 ruled out that the children misunderstood what they were being asked. The results were clear: Our young subjects 14 the questions and knew 15 what was asked of them. Their 16 to the questions reflected their true 17 that "I can see you only if you can see me, too." They simply 18 mutual（相互的）recognition and regard. Our 19 suggest when a child "hides" by putting a blanket over her head, it is not a result of egocentrism. In fact, children consider this method 20 when others use it.