文字式说明文 知识点
文字式说明文 知识点题库
1）龙舟节，也叫端午节，是在中国的农历五月初五这一天庆祝。它是中国一个传统的节日.多数中国家庭都庆祝这个节日;
2）端午节节日起源；
3）庆祝活动：赛龙舟、吃粽子等。
农历 calendar 粽子 rice dumpling
注意：词数：100词左右。
1). 表示欢迎；
2). 就她购买纪念品的计划说说你的看法；
3). 推荐一个你认为最值得参观的古迹，并说明原因。
注意：
1). 词数100左右；
2). 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3). 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Lucy,
I learned about your travel plan from your email.
Best wishes!
Yours,
Li Hua
1）可能出现的不文明行为；
2）主要成因；
3）你的看法或建议。
注意：1）词数不少于50；
2）开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear Jim,
Yours,
Li Hua
1）高科技产品;国内外广泛使用;
2）主要功能:通话、发短信、上网、照相、玩游戏等;
3）体积小、重量轻、易携带,适用于各年龄段人群。
注意:
1）词数100左右;
2）可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯。
Dear Mom, Clear My Calendar
September is around the comer, and some of us are already complaining about summer's end. But parents have a special reason to do so. The end of summer means the start of school. And these days, planning a young child's schedule is a big challenge. The challenge is no longer finding activities to fill a child's day; it is saying no to the hundreds of options available. Our mailbox is filled with brochures urging us to sign our kids up for classes from cooking to martial arts.
Educators are themselves discouraged by the number of special classes that many children attend. In the name of “enrichment”, three-year-olds not only go to preschool in the morning but study French or gymnastics after lunch. One teacher tells of a four-year-old asking for help in the toilet before hurrying off to tennis. Another teacher says that children sometimes hold on to her at pick up time. What happened to unstructured time?
【写作内容】
1）用约30个单词概述图画和文字的主要内容
2）结合上述信息,简要分析可能导致这一结果的原因;
3）表达你的想法。(不少于两点)
【写作要求】
1）写作过程中不能直接引用原文词句
2）作文中不能出现真实姓名和学校名称
3）不必写标题
【评分标准】
内容完整，语言规范,语篇连贯，词数适当。
Technology is forever changing the way we get our news. Many people now get a lot of their news on electronic devices, instead of traditional media, such as newspapers, television or radio. An increasing number of people also report turning to social media for information
Now, there is a new technology that could greatly change the way we get the news: computer-created news readers. Recently, China launched what it called the worlds first artificial intelligence, or Al news presenters.
The news readers, supported by machine learning technology, are based on two real-life Chinese newsmen. One is able to present newscasts in English, the other, in Mandarin Chinese Report said machine learning was used to examine video images and sounds of the two newsmen. Similar technology has been used to create video products known as “deepfake” videos. "A deepfake a video that looks real, but was electronically changed. Such videos can make people appear to say things they never said
It's said that the Al presenters will be a great improvement to the news team because they "can work 24 hours a day" on its website and on social media. One of the presenters even promised to work tirelessly" to keep people informed. Some machine learning experts said the system showed off Chinas latest progress in voice recognition, text-to-speech technology and data analysis
Others wondered about the effects robots might have on employment and workers. Some people argued that only low-level jobs requiring heavy labor will be easily replaced by robots. Others praised the technology as a way for companies to make money from low-cost labor machines. Some businesses have experimented with similar technology for possible use in news operations.
Britain's BBC recently released a video that used machine learning to make it look like one of its news readers speaking different languages. The London-based company that developed the system says its goal is to "remove the language barrier" for many different kinds of video across the internet. Also, Amazon's working on Alexa smart speaker system to create a special news reader voice. Amazon is reportedly preparing to launch Alexas news reader voice in the near future
An international team of researchers found employees who endure what is known as "abusive supervision" are more likely to behave poorly on purpose by messing up tasks, arriving late, taking long breaks and putting in minimal effort.
The authors of the study, published in the Journal of Management, sought to answer why horrible bosses make employees less willing to show what is known as organizational citizenship behavior (OCB), or commitment to the company outside of their contractual obligations. That could include helping colleagues or volunteering for unusual work hours. They also assessed its effect on a worker's tendency to harm the organization, by displaying counterproductive (反作用的) work behavior (CWB).
To find out more, and uncover which negative outcome bullying (欺凌) behavior is more likely to cause, researchers from Southwestern University of Finance and Economics in China, Renmin University of China and Swinburne University of Technology in Australia cooperated and analyzed 427 existing studies. They found workers acted out either because they felt they were being treated unfairly in the workplace, or felt stressed and this affected their ability to perform as expected. An employee who felt they were a victim of injustice tended more towards reluctance to show OCB. Stressed workers, meanwhile, were more associated with CWB.
Employers who worried supervisors are affecting productivity can take steps to ease issues by regularly training managers, introducing policies which cope with workplace injustices and helping workers to deal with stress.
This is not the first study to suggest unkind practices can affect the well-being of workers. The paper follows a study published in the European Heart Journal last year, which showed employees who suffer bullying are more likely to develop heart diseases than those who aren't. Bullying and violence are common at workplaces and those exposed to these stressors are at higher risk.
The Negative Sides of Fast Food
With today's fast lifestyle, it is very hard to keep up with the traditional way of taking care of all human needs. Eating habits are no exception. According to an article in Success magazine(November 1994), America today eats more fast food than ever before. Ninety-six out of every one hundred Americans eat fast food on some kind of regular basis. There are many side effects related to this popular eating habit.
The food sold in most fast food restaurants may not be all that good for us. Everything in the restaurant has to look, taste, and smell the same way. In order for the food to still taste fresh, a lot of chemicals have to be added. As if that were not enough, the main element that the fast food market advertises and competes for is not good food or fresh ingredients, but lowest prices.
People who have the habit of eating fast food rarely even try to change their diet. Instead, people tend to get more and more used to the convenience and taste of fast food. According to a survey, out of every ten fast food eaters, only four will eat the same amount or less, and the other six will double their “loads” of fast food within four years; and out of every ten people who finally get to control their eating disorder, six will come back to eating fast food within six years. These alarming figures seem to be contrary to today's convenient ways of cooking at home. Easy-to-make dishes like those for microwaves, soups etc., would appear to be the solution for the fast food problem, but obviously the real problem is not the trouble of cooking at home, but the addicting simplicity of fast food.
注意：①词数100左右；②可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
⒈存在的困难：受家乡话的影响,发音不够准确；记忆力差，很难扩大词汇量；阅读速度慢，不能在规定的时间内把试题做完等；
⒉采取的措施：克服畏惧心理，大胆开口，多听多练；勤做练习，做好笔记；向老师、同学请教，寻求帮助；
⒊总结。
参考词汇：overcome 克服; local dialect家乡话;vocabulary 词汇
注意：⒈词数100左右；
⒉可以适当增加细节以使行文连贯；
⒊文章的开头已为你写好，不计入总词数。
How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English
I had many difficulties when I started to learn English.
Blowing a Few Tops
Ever stopped to consider the upside of volcanic eruptions? It's not all deaths, destruction and hot lava—scientists have a plan to cool the planet by simulating one. It would probably work, but it could have devastating consequence, and there is nothing to stop any country or company from deploying the technology.
Solar geo-engineering(气候工程) involves simulating an erupting volcano by spraying aerosols (气溶胶) into the atmosphere. When they combine with oxygen, droplets of acid form. These droplets reflect sunlight away from Earth, cooling the planet. All good in theory, but the consequences are largely unknown and a few could be disastrous. In a study recently published, researchers led by Anthony Jones, a climate scientist from the University of Exeter, found that using this technology in the Northern hemisphere could reduce the number of tropical cyclones hitting the U.S. and Caribbean. But there's a worrying problem: more cyclones in the Southern hemisphere and a drought across the Sahel region of Africa. That's because the entries climate system is linked— disrupting one region will invariably affect another. How would a nation react if another was causing its weather to get much worse? Would that be an act of war?
There is, however, a case for using solar geo-engineering on a global case. Jones says it could be used to "take the edge of "the temperature increases scientists are predicting. It could be used while the world searches for more effective strategies.
The study also highlights a far bigger problem with solar geo-engineering: its complete lack of regulation. "There is nothing that could stop one country just doing it," Jones says. "It's deeply disturbing that we have this technology that could have such a massive influence in the climate, yet there's just no regulation to stop countries or even organizations from doing it."
Jones cautions that there is much about the climate system we do not understand, as well as more work that will need to be done before solar geo-engineering is deemed safe—or too dangerous to even discuss.
You may know all about vitamin C, but do you know why vitamin D is also important to your body? Experts from the Children's Hospital in Boston, US, have said that some teens don't get enough of this important nutrient.
Rickets is mainly found in children. Osteoporosis, the thinning of bone, is a common problem as people get older.
Studies in these years have found that vitamin D may also have other uses. If someone is short of vitamin D, he may have heart problems or die from some cancers.
The easiest way to get vitamin D is from sunlight. But many people worry about getting skin cancer and skin damage from the sun. Also, even skin color has an influence. Darker skinned people get less vitamin D than lighter skinned people. Older people get less vitamin D than younger people. You can also get it from foods .Some food such as cheese and egg yolks (蛋黄) have some vitamin D. But most of vitamin D in the American diet comes from food like milk with the vitamin added.
Now more doctors are testing for vitamin D in their patients. But some doctors worry that if people take too much vitamin D, it might be bad for their body. At the same time, skin doctors tell people to be careful with sunlight.
"Did you hear what happened to Adam Last Friday?" Lindsey whispers to Tori. With her eyes shining, Tori brags, "You bet I did, Sean told me two days ago." Who are Lindsey and Tori talking about? It just happened to be yours truly, Adam Freedman. I can tell you that what they are saying is (a) not nice and (b) not even true. Still, Lindsey and Tori aren't very different from most students here at Linton High School, including me. Many of our conversations are gossip.
An important negative effect of gossip is that it can hurt the person being talked about. Usually, gossip spreads information about a topic—breakups, trouble at home, even dropping out—that a person would rather keep secret. The more embarrassing or shameful the secret is, the juicier the gossip it makes. Probably the worst type of gossip is the absolute lie. People often think of gossipers as harmless, but cruel lies can cause pain.
If we know that gossip can be harmful, then why do so many of us do it? The answer lies in another effect of gossip: the satisfaction it gives us. Sharing the latest rumor (传言) can make a person feel important because he or she knows something that others don't. Similarly, hearing the latest rumor can make a person feel like part of the "in group."
Gossip also can have a third effect: it strengthens unwritten, unspoken rules about how people should act. Professor David Wilson explains that gossip is important in policing behaviors in a group. Translated into high school terms, this means that if everybody you hang around with is laughing at what John wore or what Jane said, then you can bet that wearing or saying something similar will get you the same kind of negative attention. This pressure will certainly force you to pay special attention to your own words and deeds. The dos and don'ts conveyed through gossip will never show up in any student handbook.
The effects of gossip vary depending on the situation. The next time you feel the urge to spread the latest news, think about why you want to gossip and what effects your "juicy story" might have.
The Psychology of Spending
Dr. Thomas Gilovich, psychology professor at Cornell University, has studied the psychology of spending for over 20 years. According to Dr. Gilovich," We buy things to make us happy, and we succeed, but only for a while. New things are exciting to us at first, but then we adapt to them." In other words，once the freshness of our newest purchase wears off, we begin looking for something else to buy to make us happy.
Dr. Gilovich found that our satisfaction with possessions fades over time. Yet our happiness over things we've experienced increases. For that reason, he has concluded that we are spending our money on the wrong things. A study out of San Francisco State University agrees. The research showed that those people who spent money on experiences instead of possessions were happier. They also thought their money was better invested.
To begin with, activities like a trip, adventure, hobby, etc. tend to bring the participants together and unite them over a shared interest. According to Gilovich, "We consume experiences directly with other people." As a result, these experiences typically create a positive link and good feelings toward the other person or people.
Besides, your experience shows others who you are and what you are. For example, you might be someone who loves taking cooking classes. More than likely, you'll become known by friends and family as a great cook. They won't know you as someone who owns the latest kitchen equipment.
Lastly, planned experiences arc frequently something we look forward to. Then when the moment arrives, if we enjoy the time involved in the activity, we're left with fond memories. These memories will often last a lifetime. Even our worst trips, on many occasions, arc later remembered with laughter.
Wildlife Protection, Anything Wrong?
Some of the Earth's creatures die mainly because of humans' choices. These choices have nothing to do with food or shelter or anything else that helps humans survive. What kills millions of animals all over the world is that humans want to make money by doing so. People use parts of animals for everything from hats to handbags, from jewelry to ashtrays and to make powders that supposedly improve a person's life.
It is comforting to note that in the past decades, saving endangered animals has become a popular cause. Let's take saving elephants as an example. For a long while in the late 1980s, wildlife protection groups made sure everyone saw pictures or films of elephants with their faces cut off for their ivory. These groups also proved that certain populations of elephants are decreasing. As a result, most people stopped buying objects made of ivory. Laws against poaching (偷猎) were made stronger. Many countries made importing ivory illegal. Killing elephants for their ivory became more risky and less profitable.
However, deciding that a species is endangered and protecting it by law are not always enough, as concern for certain species will become weak after a while. In the late 1970s, people protested against the killing of seal babies. Everyone was shocked to see young seals being killed in their icy habitat. The cruel activity stopped. But ten years later, the number of seal babies killed was higher than ever.
Other animal protecting movements have come and gone, such as saving the whales and protecting dolphins. The whale population appears to have increased for now. And the laws are finally changed in America to protect the dolphins that swim with tuna fish in parts of the Pacific Ocean. In the years to come, people's focus will probably turn to some other endangered species. During this time, will the elephants be forgotten?
Take Care of Your Spine (脊柱)
The spine stands at the center of your health, providing your body with structure and support. It also contains your spinal cord, a massive collection of nerves that sends electric signals from the rest of your body to your brain. Therefore, it's important to take care of it.
Maintaining your good posture is one of the most important things you can do to keep your spine healthy. Proper posture means standing or sitting while keeping your spine straight, except for its natural curves. Posture comes into play even when you're asleep. Sleeping on your side puts less stress on your spine than most other positions. Having a comfortable bed is also very important as sleeping in a position that isn't comfortable can leave your back feeling sore the next day.
Exercise is also an important factor in the health of your spine. Staying still for too long—even if your posture is good—can be hard on your back. Especially if you work at a desk most of the day, it's important to get up and stretch periodically. Stretches can help the muscles around your spine relax and allow bones to shift into better positions. Strength exercises with light weights or bodyweight exercises like pushups can also help by strengthening the muscles around your spine. However, don't overdo the exercise, as repeated motions can hurt the muscles around your spine.
Your diet also affects the health of your spine because many vitamins are necessary for bones and nerves. In particular, vitamin B help keep nerves healthy, so you may want to consider taking a supplement (补充物). Another important factor is vitamin D, which is essential for strong bones, but it's also absorbed from sunlight, so it may help to do some of those back exercises outside.
Dieters have long sworn that grapefruit helps them lose weight. The Grapefruit, also called the Hollywood Diet, dates back to the 1930s and has a host of celebrity fans including singer Kylie Minogue. It involves having grapefruit or grapefruit juice with every meal while cutting back on calories.
Now, scientists are beginning to believe them.
A study has found that drinking grapefruit juice when eating fatty food lowers the amount of weight put on by up to a fifth.
The research also suggested that grapefruit could be as good as prescription drugs at keeping blood sugar levels under control―a key part of managing diabetes.
The experiments were conducted on mice―but researchers say the results justify studies on humans. Professor Joseph Napoli of the University of California, Berkeley, said," We see all sorts of scams about nutrition. But these results, based on controlled experiments warrant further study of the potential health―promoting properties of grapefruit juice.
The researchers found that when the mice were fed fatty food for three months given grapefruit juice to drink gained up to 18 percent less weight than those given water.
They also had lower blood sugar and insulin levels—despite eating the same number of calories and doing the same amount of exercise as the mice who drank water. In fact, grapefruit juice was as good at controlling insulin as the widely used diabetes drug metformin, the journal PLOS ONE reports.
However, the fruit juice only had an effect on weight when the animals ate fatty food. The researchers said they did not know how grapefruit stops the pounds from piling on.
Spokesman Mariette Abrahams, a dietician, said until then it is too early for people to try grapefruit diets." Grapefruit should be part of a healthy balanced, diet, but it shouldn't be the focus of the diet." she said.
Is Small Talk Necessary?
What's the first thing you do when you enter a crowded room? You probably look around for a familiar face. When you can't find one, you have two choices: you can stand alone, or you can walk up and speak to someone that you don't know.
Starting a conversation with a stranger, though, is often uncomfortable and can be a little scary. Yet as you go through life, you're sure to encounter strangers in many different situations, when a need to connect with others will hopefully outweigh your fears. In order to prepare, it helps to learn the art of small talk.
Small talk is the beginning stage of a casual conversation, which usually takes place between strangers or casual acquaintances. With small talk, two or more people search for common interests and points of connection. If one is discovered, the conversation usually begins to flow more naturally, often resulting in deeper discussion.
Mastering a few techniques will allow you to enter a room full of strangers with confidence.
When you walk up to a group, notice anyone trying to make eye contact with you because this is often a sign that the person is interested in talking. Begin by introducing yourself, and then, you should begin with one of three topics: talk about yourself, the other person or something you can both observe, like the weather.
Another way to begin a conversation is with a compliment. Your praise of someone's scarf might lead to a discussion about favorite places to shop.
Radio host Terry Gross, who has interviewed thousands of people over the years, says one opening request works for her every time: "Tell me about yourself." This approach gets the ball rolling because people enjoy talking about themselves.
Though small talk takes practice, it's worth the effort and it's the stimulus that can lead to deeper conversations.
I guess everyone would like to set off for a journey with someone we can understand and have fun with. TRAVELLING WITH A COMPANION (同伴)
IS GREAT!
It's good to have someone with you who can watch your backpack when you want to use the toilet, find the way back home when you get lost, carry some of your luggage (行李) when you're tired, take some photos of you when you want and help you in all kinds of situations. The feeling of having someone by your side makes you feel less stressful about many things.
With a companion, you can together share the beautiful moments during the travels, experience the same things in a different way and support each other. It's much more interesting and exciting when you have the chance to share something with someone while on your road. At the same time, there is always someone whom you can shout at when you are angry, or a shoulder on which you can cry when you miss your home.
A companion can share the costs with you. You can stay in one room, buy a dinner, have it together and share the bill, etc. It's good to travel with someone who has the same or similar pattern of payment as you so you can support each other without having any arguments (争吵).
Having a companion by your side when travelling means less loneliness. You don't think about it unless you get left in the middle of nowhere, far away from your friends and family. Then you wish to have someone with you.
In short, travelling with someone is the best choice for people who are short of travel experience or just social animals and easily miss their home. We might sometimes feel like being on our own and enjoy the sights with nobody behind our back but at the end of the day you have much more fun when being with someone, especially for a long run.
We shouldn't judge a person by their appearance but we do. In fact, the experts say that when we meet someone for the first time we make a decision about what that person is like in three seconds. But what do we look at? One of the most important things is clothes, but it isn't the brand of clothes that people wear that is important. The important thing is to wear the right clothes for the occasion.
Schools have always understood this and a lot of them ask their students to wear a uniform. Why? A lot of teachers think a uniform makes students feel that they are part of their school and that their uniform helps them to be serious about their studies. Teachers say that uniforms can help in other ways too. If all the students wear uniforms, they can't judge each other because of their clothes. It also avoids arguments about who or what is fashionable.
However, it is not only schools that want people to dress in a certain way. We all have fixed ideas about what the people in a certain profession should wear. If we visit a doctor, we expect to see respectable clothes under the doctor's white coat. When we go into a bank we expect the staff to wear suits or dresses. Police officers wear uniforms to deter crime by establishing a visible presence while on patrol. In fact, a lot of companies have dress codes for their staff because they know that the customers expect to see them dressed in certain types of clothes.
But can our clothes really tell people what we are like? Maybe not, but they can show our attitude to what we are doing at the moment. When people see us in the right clothes, they think we are serious about what we are doing. Furthermore, if we are clean, smart and polite, people will have confidence in us.
