文字式说明文 知识点题库
1）旅游的好处：欣赏风景；结交新朋友；强身健体……
2）旅游常见问题：天气因素；被人偷；可能受伤……
3）旅游的准备工作：了解天气情况；小心谨慎……
注意：
1）词数100左右；
2）可适当增加内容，以使行文连贯。
1). 很多人使用皮毛制品，靠猎杀动物挣钱；
2). 为保护动物提出自己的建议；
3). 发出倡议，号召大家一起行动起来保护动物。
注意：
1). 词数100左右；
2). 可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3). 开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Dear human beings,
It is known that at present more and more wildlife is being in danger of dying out.
Yours,
Li Hua
澳大利亚位于太平洋（the Pacific）的两侧，是大洋洲最大的国家，面积760万平方公路。
人口稀少，只有1，000多万，多数集中在东部沿海地区。
首都堪培拉（Canberra）风景秀丽。
悉尼（Sydney）是澳大利亚最大城市。有许多名胜，其中悉尼歌剧院（Opera House）闻名于世。2000年奥运会就是在悉尼举行的。
注意：1). 词数：100左右，文章开头已给出（不计入总词数）；
2). 可以根据内容要点提示适当增加细节，使行文连贯。
Australia
Australia is the largest country in Oceania.
1）尊重并信任朋友；
2）常与朋友聊天；
3）换位思考问题。
注意：1）词数80词左右。
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
写作要点：
1）它是中国传统节日之一；已有2500多年历史，每年阳历4月4-6日的一天。
2）扫墓（do tomb-sweeping）祭祖；寻根认祖；
3）春游踏青，植树，放风筝等活动；
注意：1）词数100左右；
2）可以适当增加细节，以使用文连贯。
The Qingming Festival
1)你的梦想是什么；
2)你为何有此梦想；
3)你如何实现梦想。
注意：1)词数不少于50；
2)开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。
Hello, everybody!
Thank you.
1）学生垃圾分类的意识仍然较弱;
2）垃圾分类的重要意义;
3）垃圾分类应该从校园做起。
Tired of all the pushing in supermarkets? Fed up with waiting in endless lines to pay for what you have bought? Angry at wasting time in traffic jams only to find no parking spaces when you eventually arrive at the store? If this is you, then online shopping is the answer to your dreams of trouble-free shopping, or is it?
Online shopping brings its own challenges. Here are a few things to bear in mind when browsing (浏览) various websites. The claim (声明) made by online sites is that shopping online is a safe and secure way to make purchases. The evidence challenges this. In any case, you only have to be the victim of fraud (欺骗) once to experience all the problems that come with this form of deceiving. Use only sites that have a trusted history and an excellent reputation.
Another problem is that the appearance of items in reality is often quite different from what you see on your computer screen. This might not be a problem if you are buying washing powder but could be a major disappointment when that beautiful blue dress you ordered turns up in green. Also, product descriptions are sometimes simply untrue! Perhaps the wisest plan is to purchase items where design and colour are not essential to customer satisfaction.
Some even argue that online shopping indirectly contributes to global warming. Yes, your car can stay parked but how are online goods delivered? Often by some large vans pouring out carbon monoxide(一氧化碳) and adding to our already desperate traffic problems. You are also by now becoming increasingly irritated(烦恼的) by the fact that the delivery is late and you have wasted the leave from work to receive it!
Growing coffee beans is a huge, making-money business. However, unluckily, full-sun production is replacing the industry and causes a lot of damage. The change in growing coffee from shade-grown(荫下栽种) production to full-sun production brings certain animals and birds in danger, and even breaks the world's ecological balance(生态平衡).
On a local level, the damage of the forest that is required by full-sun fields affects the area's birds and animals. The shade of the forest trees gives a home to birds and other species which depend on the trees' flowers and fruits. Full-sun coffee growers destroy this forest home. As a result, many species are quickly in extinction.
On a more global level, the damage to the rainforest for full-sun coffee fields also does harm to human life. Medical research often makes use of the forests' plant and animal life, and the ruin of such species could keep researchers from finding ways for certain diseases. In addition, new coffee-growing methods are harmful to the water locally, and lastly the world's groundwater.
Both locally and globally, the continued spread of full-sun coffee plantations(种植园)could mean breaking the balance of the rainforest ecology. The loss of shade trees is already causing a little change in the world's climate(气候), and studies show that the loss of oxygen-giving trees also leads to air pollution and global warming. Besides, the new growing methods are bringing about acidic (酸性) soil conditions.
It is clear that the way much coffee is grown affects a lot, from the local environment to the global ecology. But coffee users do have a choice. They can buy shade-grown coffee whenever possible, although at a higher cost. The future health of the planet and mankind is surely worth more than an inexpensive cup of coffee.
Plant-Based Diet
What is a plant-based diet? Is it just a fashionable new term for a "vegan (严格素食主义者)"? While there is no set definition, a plant-based way of eating focuses on consuming plant-sourced wholefoods (全天然食物) that are least processed in their original form, for example whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds. These are full of vitamins, minerals, and provide an abundance of nutrients for your body. Following a plant-based lifestyle doesn't necessarily mean fully avoiding animal products like a vegan. For plant-based eaters, animal proteins can happily fit in with the lifestyle, yet they play more of a supporting role. Overall, "plant-based" is more of a broad and flexible way of thinking about nutrition rather than a rigid diet. With a plant-based diet, the focus is on simple, nutritious wholefoods.
Why people start following a plant-based diet? One of the main reasons is the health benefits. Now, more so than ever, research is showing how eating more plants and less meat can positively affect health. Particularly, a plant-based lifestyle has been linked to heart health. In a study of more than 10, 000 adults published in the Journal of the American Heart Association, it was shown that those who followed a more plant-based diet had a 16 percent lower risk of having cardiovascular (心血管的) disease and a 32 percent lower risk of dying of cardiovascular disease.
A plant-based lifestyle can also help to promote weight loss and help to maintain your goal weight. Weight loss commonly occurs because the diet consists of foods that are full of fiber and have a high-water content, which easily make you feel full up.
Another major reason to jump at the plant-based eating train is the external (外界的，外部的) benefits. Plant-based foods are loaded with vitamins, which help brighten your skin. One of the plant-based all-star vitamins is vitamin C, which is a powerful antioxidant. A large number of fruits and vegetables contain vitamin C. They assist in smoothing lines, and reducing wrinkles.
Bamboo is one of the world's most useful plants. For thousands of years, bamboo has been used in many different ways from food to medicine to clothing and in small ways as a building material.
However, bamboo is not often used as a building material in the developed world. A professor at the University of Pittsburgh is trying to change that. The professor and his students are testing the strength of bamboo. They are testing how much pressure or weight it can take before breaking. Kent Harries is a professor at the University of Pittsburgh. Harries says that testing methods for bamboo need to be the same for all. They need to be standardized. Standardizing test methods for bamboo will help to bring the plant into common use. It will also give engineers and builders around the world a dependable standard.
Harries says bamboo is strong in nature. The strength of at least three species of bamboo is similar to steel. Besides its strength, bamboo has other features that make it very useful in building. He says it is resilient (有弹性的), meaning it keeps its shape and strength even under pressure.
Bamboo also grows quickly. Bamboo that is suitable for construction needs much less resources than wood. The harvest cycle of bamboo is about 3 years. Softwoods such as cedar, pine and spruce have a harvest cycle of about 10 years. And hardwoods that come from flowering plants such as oak and walnut need more than 30 years.
Bamboo is widely used as food for pandas. It is also used for flooring and window covers. However, for building, bamboo is not used much outside is native growing area. This is mostly because of its round shape. But there are other reasons too. People think that bamboo is a low quality building material.
In the past, most people exercised every day. They didn't exercise on purpose. Instead, they exercised by working on the land and by walking everywhere. Now, however, people do not take as much exercise. Many people work in offices or factories where they do not have to move around very much. Now that cities are so big, few people walk to work. They drive or travel by bus or train. With modern telecommunications technology, they don't have to move around to get messages delivered. What they have to do is just to press buttons on their phones or other devices.
Because of this unhealthy modern lifestyle, many people try to exercise in other ways. Jogging and running are very popular. Going to the gym is also a popular way of getting exercise. Many women prefer to go to aerobic (有氧的) classes at the gym. In these classes, music is played loudly and an instructor shouts out instructions for the exercises. The people in the class run, stretch and jump around for an hour or more. Men and women also do weight training at the gym. They lift heavy weights to build up their muscles.
Although thousands of people do these sorts of exercises every day, some experts believe that they are actually bad for the body. Running on hard surfaces like roads can damage your feet and knees, and aerobic and weight training can be dangerous if the instructor is not properly trained. It's easy to hurt yourself if you lift heavy weight or exercise hard for a long time.
The experts believe that more gentle forms of exercise are better. They advise people to walk more as it is one of best ways to exercise, and does not damage the body at all. They also suggest traditional Chinese exercises such as Tai Chi because these activities are better for the body than hard, fast activities like running. Tai Chi trains your flexibility and improves your sense of balance. Meanwhile, it has the least harmful effect on your joints and knees.
Pictures are a great way to create and keep a memory of many events that happen in our lives. Then how can a person look more beautiful in pictures? There are some factors you should take into account, one of which is your posture(姿势). In other words, you need to keep your back straight and your head up. This will help you appear thinner. Be sure to raise your chin up because this will help keep you from looking like you have a double chin. Take note that you don't leave your shoulders looking stiff but try to keep them relaxed, or else the picture won't seem natural. To look thinner and taller at the same time, put one leg slightly behind the other when standing. You'll need to put most of your weight on your back foot and keep your front knee slightly bent.
Forming a smile that is all your own can be easily done by just practising in the mirror. If you don't like your smile on pictures, then you need to teach yourself a new one. Stand in front of the mirror and try different smiles until you find one that suits you. Once you've picked out your look, you need to keep standing in front of the mirror and keep practising until your smile becomes second nature to you and you'll be able to perform it without looking in the mirror.
Professional photographers will place lights behind the area where you are to have your pictures done and they call this short lighting. By doing this, it'll create a shadowing over you that will work as an opticalillusion(错视) to make you look thinner.
If you are unsure of yourself when the picture is being taken, your lack of confidence will show through on the picture. So try to relax and just enjoy that occasion you're having and have fun. If you've taken bad pictures in the past, you're probably going to be anxious but try to calm down. After all it's just a picture which can be taken over if it doesn't come out right the first time. The more relaxed and confident you can be, the better picture you'll show.
注意：1）词数100左右（开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数）;
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Hello, everyone!
……
That's all. Thank you.
1）脱瘾活动的目的；
2）你的建议和措施；
3）你的感受。
注意：1）词数100左右；
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3）文章开头已给出，不计入总词数。
Social Media Detox
January 22, 2021
By Li Hua
With the development of science and technology, there appear an increasing number of social media apps.
Robotic Exoskeletons
Thanks to robotic exoskeletons, victims of spinal cord (脊髓) injury have a new reason to hope. Robotic exoskeletons, consisting of metal legs, motors, batteries, wiring, a controller and a set of strips work together like the user's bones, muscles and nerves-outside the body. Fastened into an exoskeleton and supported by sticks, users can direct the machinery to take them where they want to go.
In addition to partly restoring mobility, robotic exoskeletons offer the significant mental and physical health benefits of standing up and moving. Just being able to get up from a wheelchair gives patients a more natural, positive view of the world. It also helps relieve pressure on patients' skin and reduces the danger of pressure sores. Standing upright strengthens a disabled person's muscles and bones, improves heart health，and reduces certain other health complications (并发症). And it may actually result in partial nerve repair, something that can only happen when a patient is able to move.
As promising as this technology is, however, it is no simple cure-all for paralysis(瘫痪) or its complications. The motion is not accurate compared with natural walking, and exoskeletons are not easy to use, especially on surfaces that are not smooth. They are very expensive, costing about US$100000. Health insurance plans and government programs may not cover the cost of buying one.
Nevertheless, robotic exoskeletons, and access to them, will continue to improve. As with much modem technology, robotic exoskeletons will likely become more capable and easy to use, even as their cost goes down. Governments and insurers may increasingly see that the health benefits of these walking machines outweigh the costs, making it easier to fund them. Perhaps the day will come when nearly everyone paralyzed by spinal cord injury will be able to "walk" again.
1）运动会概况；
2）你班参赛情况；
3）你的感受。
注意:
1）写作词数应为80左右；
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
The 29th Sports Meeting in Our School
Most people all over the world travel by the road. In a city in Italy, however, waterways make up the primary commuting routes. The city of Venice is best known for its canals. Unfortunately, this beautiful city of flat－bottomed boats (Gondolas), and churches is sinking and sinking fast.
Known as the “Queen of the Adriatic”， Venice is situated on 120 islands formed by canals between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. And even the bits of firm ground have rather boggy (泥泞的) foundations and all this is slowly getting eroded (腐蚀)．
The existing ground water table and the global climate changes that have raised sea levels by several inches, are proving its disaster for the city. As sea－ice melts and water levels rise, floods in Venice are getting from bad to worse. And buildings are already feeling the impact of this phenomenon, with their foundations literally being shaken. Take one of the most famous landmarks of Venice for example, the 900－year－old St. Mark's Basilica, now leans slightly to the left.
Experts warn that the city may sink an additional eight inches in the next 50 years. Many scared residents have already started to move to drier regions in Italy's mainland. To deal with the flood threat, a group of Venetians, called the New Venice Consortium, has come up with “Project Moses”—a dam project named after the biblical figure, Moses. The idea is to place underwater gates at different points where the Adriatic Sea water enters the lagoon (环礁湖). When the water is low, the gates will remain open and as the water rises, the gates will close, preventing the seawater from flooding Venice. However, some people disagree with this idea. Environmentalists point out that the gates would have to remain closed most of the time and seawater will not be able to move in and out of Venice. As a result, the lagoon water will become stagnant (停滞的), harming the fish and plants that live there. Until a viable solution is found out, Venice, it seems, would continue to be threatened by floods. Truly, a case of being caught between the devil and the deep sea!
Friends are special people who we share our lives with, and who share their lives with us in return. But seeking friends and keeping the friendship going are never easy. According to research recently published in the Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, the key is to use "we-talk".
The research reviewed and analyzed 30 different studies involving over 5,000 participants. This largest-ever analysis of "we-talk" suggested that the frequent use of "we" and "us" is linked to happier and healthier relationships. The word "we" moves people from an individual position into a partnership, which makes us more interdependent (相互依赖的). "The pronouns offer an insight into whether people see themselves as individuals or as part of a whole. Word use is a window into what people are thinking and feeling without asking them," Megan Robbins told Science Daily. The research also found that "we-talk" is helpful for resolving conflicts. The primary point is that interdependence may bring about supportive and relationship-centered behaviors and positive acknowledge of the partner — especially important in times of stress and conflict.
Contrary to "we-talk", there is "I-talk", which refers to the frequent use of first singular pronouns, such as "me", and "mine", when writing or speaking. Earlier this year, researchers from the University of Arizona, US, analyzed a set of data that came from 4,700 people in Germany and the US. They found that too much "I-talk" was an accurate verbal marker for the likelihood that someone is feeling stressed or experiencing negative emotions.
As you can see from the studies, too much "I-talk" can make you feel depressed. But "we-talk" can encourage you to become more positive and created a chain action of healthy interdependence with others. So next time you're talking to a friend, try using more "we-talk". You may find yourself feeling more positive — and the effect it will have on your friend will be positive as well.
Chimps will cooperate in certain ways, like gathering in war parties to protect their territory. But beyond the minimum requirements as social beings, they have little instinct to help one another. Chimps in the wild seek food for themselves. Even chimp mothers regularly decline to share food with their children. Who are able from a young age to gather their own food.
In the laboratory, chimps don't naturally share food either. If a chimp is put in a cage where he can pull in one plate of food for himself or, with no great effort, a plate that also provides food for a neighbor to the next cage, he will pull at random — he just doesn't care whether his neighbor gets fed or not. Chimps are truly selfish.
Human children, on the other hand are extremely cooperative. From the earliest ages, they decide to help others, to share information and to participate a achieving common goals. The psychologist Michael Tomasello has studied this cooperativeness in a series of expensive with very young children. He finds that if babies aged 18 months see an worried adult with hands full trying to open a door, almost all will immediately try to help.
There are several reasons to believe that the urges to help, inform and share are not taught but naturally possessed in young children. One is that these instincts appear at a very young age before most parents have started to train children to behave socially. Another is that the helping behaviors are not improved if the children are rewarded. A third reason is that social intelligence develops in children before their general cognitive skills, at least when compared with chimps. In tests conducted by Tomtasell, the children did no better than the chimps on the physical world tests, but were considerably better at understanding the social world.
The cure of what children's minds have and chimps' don't in what Tomasello calls what. Part of this ability is that they can infer what others know or are thinking. But that, even very young children want to be part of a shared purpose. They actively seek to be part of a "we", a group that intends to work toward a shared goal.
