文字式说明文 知识点题库
为了丰富校园生活，你校学生会将举办歌唱比赛，请根据以下信息用英语写一篇广播稿。
1). 参加对象：全体高一学生
2). 比赛要求：表演限时3分钟，自带伴奏录音（Karaoke）或乐器
3). 比赛时间：5月22日 下午2点
4). 比赛地点：学校礼堂（auditorium）
注意：1). 词数80左右（开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数）
2). 可以适当增加细节， 以使行文连贯。
Boys and girls,
Attention please!
In order to enrich our school life, the students' union……
Wish you success!
词数:100左右
1）春节是中国的重大节日。
2）节前人们要大扫除。
3）全家人在一起吃年夜饭。
4）孩子们会得到压岁钱。
5）年初一穿新衣服，走亲访友，互道吉利。
生词:大扫除have a thorough cleaning
1）问候昔日同桌，回忆同学友情；
2）校庆活动介绍；
3）捐设奖学金。
参考词汇：百年校庆100th anniversary celebration; 奖学金scholarship
Dear Peter,
1)环境污染越来越严重
2)作为学生, 我们应该怎样保护环境
3)号召同学们从现在做起。
注意:
1)词数100左右;
2)可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
1）看起来像真人一样；
2）可以帮助做许多事情：做家务、做饭、帮儿子做作业，陪主人外出购物等；
3）你的担心：出了毛病不听指令，伤害儿子；
4）对未来的展望。
注意：⑴用第一人称。 ⑵字数120词左右。
"Helicopter parents" is a description of parents who are hovering over their children in a state of extreme concern. They always show up to solve their children's problems, protect them from real or imagined harm, resolve stressful situation, offer advice and get them out of trouble, even if they misbehaved. Although out of love and concern, it can have harmful effect on their children's emotional development and future autonomy.
Children learn through their mistakes. But if you intervene (介入) at first sign of struggle and finish your child's homework, he'll miss out on valuable learning opportunities. You're sending him the message that he needs to be perfect and failure is not an option, otherwise you wouldn't always take over for him.
By constantly rescuing your child from stressful situation, you're sending him a message that you don't believe he's capable of taking care of himself. Children develop self-esteem by learning how to complete challenge on their own. If you are always intervening, he's denied this vital stage in his growth. As a result, your child may lack the confidence necessary to do well in school, pursue hobbies and interests, and develop friendships.
If you're always taking care of everything for your child, it'll be more difficult for him to become independent. As an adult, he might find it hard to take care of himself, because he's never developed coping skills to deal with life's challenges. He might suffer from irrational fears, anxiety and depression, which could lead him to drop out of college or frequently change jobs, according to Dr. Michele Borba. Instead of developing healthy relationships, he might seek a partner who will take care of him or controlling, as his parents were.
You can help your child become more independent by allowing him to complete tasks and challenges on his own without your intervention. Even if he fails at first 
don't interfere—encourage him to start again. Show that you have faith in his abilities to succeed without your help. Allow him to learn natural consequences. Even small things can help him become more independent—making his own bed, preparing his own lunch, shopping for his own clothes and doing homework without your help.
Britain's Buses are Getting Emptier
In Britain, buses account for more public - transport trips than trains, tubes and trams put together. People love them, in theory: one poll by Transport Focus, a consumer group, found that 74% of young people think they are a good way of getting around and 85% believe it is important for a place to have a good bus service. There is just one problem. In practice, Britions are taking buses less and less.
Why are London buses emptier? One thing that has changed is young people's behavior. The young are heavy bus users when they travel. But, increasingly, they do not travel. According to Transport for London, the average 17 - to 24-year-old took 2.3 transport trips per day in the year 2011- 12 but only 1.7 in 2018 - 19. The National Travel Survey confirms that no group has cut back harder on travel since the early 2000s than teenagers. Young people are more diligent these days, and stay in school for longer. They can do the things that young people love to do on their phones, without going out.
The other big bus users are the poor and the old, especially outside London, but both are turning away from buses to cars. Lower lending standards have made cars easier to acquire; a fuel-tax freeze and fuel - saving engines make them cheaper to run. Cars are ever more comfortable and easier to operate, with parking-assist technology and lane-drifting alerts to help starters. Outside London, the average free bus pass was used 90 times in the year 2010-11 but only 74 times in 2018-19, according to the Department for Transport.
Finally there is the gig economy (零工经济). Online shopping and Uber probably substitute of bus trips as well as private car journeys. And they put new vehicles on the roads, which slows everything down. The number of light-goods vehicles in London has risen by 28% since 2012. Tony Travers of the London School of Economics points out that bus speeds have fallen slightly in the capital, even though private cars have almost been cleared up from the city center. The average London bus now travels at 9.3 miles per hour. Just as people become less inclined to run after buses, they are becoming easier to catch.
The familiar yellow school bus is the largest system of mass transportation in the US and every school day transports roughly 25 million young people to school and home again after the school day ends. Meanwhile, they are the safest method for getting kids to and from school, according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Children are 70 times more likely to arrive at school safely on the school bus than if they had traveled to school driving themselves or riding with friends.
These school buses meet more of the nation's motor vehicle safety standards than any other vehicle on the road. Also, several new technologies available today are making school buses even safer, such as video cameras on the inside and outside, stop arm cameras, GPS tracking and collision lessening systems. Another safety tool on school buses is high seat backs, closely-spaced seats and energy-absorbing seating.
But even the safeness of school buses would not completely sum up why children are safer when riding the big, yellow bus. The bus is only as safe as the professional men and women who drive them. All drivers must obtain a Class B or C Commercial Driver's License (CDL). They are randomly tested for alcohol and drugs, usually have their driving record checked, and are given the same review for criminal history as teachers and other employees who have contact with students. In order to serve as a school bus driver, most applicants are required to successfully complete a training course, along with instruction in the classroom and behind the wheel.
School buses are safe for the environment, not only because each bus replaces 36 passenger cars that would, but for the buses, be on the road taking and picking up school children. Additionally, school buses use alternative green fuels like natural gas, and electric power.
Todd Monteferrario, President of the National School Transportation Association, said parents should remember that the safest and smartest choice is to put their children on the big yellow bus when they can.
"I think I'm nothing more than a dead fish." "I don't want to do anything." "I'm so beat and so sad." …The young generation in our country used to enjoy their "happy culture" but now they have become "beat and sad" slowly and secretly. Some people even called it "the beat culture". The "beat" youths don't want to do anything. They have no purpose, no desire and they are totally depressed and they only want to live an aimless life. The song "I feel like having been drained" is the example.
Many media concern themselves about this phenomenon and try to persuade the youths into embracing positive and healthy feelings and encourage them to work hard to get rid of decadence. This is really a kind gesture. However, we don't have to worry too much about "the beat culture". In fact, it's not a negative thing. "Beat" never means despair, but a way of self-mockery (自嘲) and pressure relief.
In general, the youths in China are not "beat". According to a recent international research, the youths in China hold positive attitude towards the future. 29% of the Chinese interviewees believe they will live and work in peace in China because "as long as you work hard, you can have your own day". Around 93% of the Chinese interviewees believe the future is promising because of medicine industry, renewable energy sources and computer. Compared with Chinese youngsters, youths in developed countries are more pessimistic.
Of course there are some social reasons for the appearing of "the beat culture". As urbanization develops rapidly, youths living in big cities are facing new challenges that their forefathers have never encountered before. Loneliness and feelings of insignificance and powerlessness are easy to get a hold of the young people. Without proper care, they could threaten the youths' mentality and cause many social problems. These problems probably need our attention more.
As a natural emotion that everyone experiences in life, anger is in many cases a perfectly healthy emotion. It can motivate people to make very positive changes in their lives. Sometimes we have to be angry at injustice, at evil, or even at nature, before we can do what needs to be done to correct wrongs or make things better. But of course, that is not how we usually think of anger.
Most people think of anger as an emotion we must keep under control. Parents tell a child to get control of him when the child shows anger. Children are sometimes sent to their rooms or punished for expressing anger in an excessive way. We may be angry with friends or at work, but we know it is usually inappropriate to show it. We have to control our anger or suffer what may be the negative consequences. Very early in life, we learn that anger is something that must be controlled. We learn this for a good reason. We know that uncontrolled anger can lead to fights, car accidents, and bad relationships with others, unacceptable social behavior, and many other problems.
Many experts say that if one holds his anger in, it can even lead to severe mental and physical health problems. So what can we do to understand and calm this natural emotion that we call anger?
Experts offer many solutions to excessive and harmful anger. Some of these solutions include expressing your feelings and talking about what has caused the anger with someone who you trust and is a good friend, avoiding a situation that causes anger, beating a pillow, exercising more and many other methods. Whatever solution one chooses, it is good to know that by trying to find the solution to the problem of anger, the first step in the right direction to solving the anger problem has been taken.
In today's world where we have various translation apps that allow us to talk to almost anyone "in his own language", why do we still need to make an effort to learn a foreign language ourselves? There are practical reasons, of course. For example, those who are bilingual (具备双语能力的) have a better chance in the job market. And science has proved that learning to speak more than one language can train one's brain to be stronger.
But there's more to it than that. US author Rita Mae Brown once wrote: "Language is the road map of a culture." By taking a look at the vocabulary and idioms of a language system, we get a glimpse (一瞥) at what's held important in a certain culture. Take the Swedish word "lagom" for example. It means "just the right amount", which doesn't have a matching word either in English or in Chinese. From "lagom", we can see how much the concepts of "moderation (适度)" and "balance" are valued in Swedish culture. By learning a foreign language, you also gain a better understanding of your own culture. Irish language expert Benny Lewis explained this idea in his blog with an interesting metaphor: "Trying to understand your own culture merely from within it is like trying to understand what a bus is like if you've only ever ridden inside it. If you want the bigger picture, you need to get off that bus and examine it from the outside." And by opening our eyes to different cultures, we're able to understand better how people grow up to be different from one another. We also learn to be more tolerant and respectful to the diversity of the world.
As Trinity University professor Leonardo De Valoes wrote on the school's website: "Foreign language study is simply part of a very basic liberal education: to 'educate' is to lead out, to lead out of narrowness and darkness."
实验目的：在盐水中漂浮是否比在淡水中容易。
实验器材：三杯温水, 量杯, 广口瓶, 盐, 勺子, 生土豆。
实验步骤：将一杯半温水倒入广口瓶; 加入三分之一杯盐; 搅拌至盐完全融化; 再加一杯半水, 把这些水慢慢从勺子背面倒入广口瓶使两种液体不混和在一起; 轻轻将土豆放入瓶中, 不要使它掉落到瓶中。
实验结果：土豆会沉入水中——但只会沉入一半。
实验结论：在盐水中漂浮比在淡水中容易。
注意：词数80左右, 可适当增加细节。
核心要点提示：float, salt water, fresh water, measuring cup, wide-mouthed jar, spoon, raw potato, pour, add, stir, completely dissolve, liquid, mix together, gently place...into, sink
1）爆发时间；
2）怎么度过；
3）你的感受。
注意：1）词数80左右；
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；
3）开头结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数。
参考词汇：
疫情epidemic situation
新型冠状病毒肺炎COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease 2019)
Dear Leslie,
I'm glad to share with you what I'm doing in the epidemic situation.
……
Thank you for your concern. I'm looking forward to your reply.
Yours,
Li Hua
1）目前环境存在的问题；
2）作为中学生应该采取的措施（至少三条）。
阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要
Most students experience a lot of stress while preparing for exams, as both their parents and teachers expect them to get high scores. Students who feel anxious are likely to experience problems like difficulty in concentrating while studying, confusion, feeling stressed while looking at difficult questions, feeling blank, sweating, sleepless, etc. Under such circumstances they end up scoring less than they could have. Therefore, it's extremely important for students to learn about how to overcome fear, so that they can take their examination confidently, finally earning good grades. Here are a few tips on ways to overcome exam fear.
There are many students who take studies lightly, leaving everything to be studied at the last minute. As a result, when exams are around the corner, they feel scared, as they don't know where to start, and what to study. So the easiest way of overcoming this problem is to start studying much before the exam. Another common mistake that many students make is that they don't make an effort to understand the subject. When they have memorized without understanding, the chances of forgetting are more. Therefore, it is vital to understand the concept before memorizing it. In this way, you will never forget any important point. Besides, that the exams are coming does not mean that you have to sit with your books for the entire day and students should take regular breaks to relax and refresh their mind. However, they should avoid watching too much TV and addicting themselves to the Internet, in which way, they are more likely to waste time.
Apart from the tips above, here are some points that will help students cope with exam-related anxiety. For example, before the exam, avoid studying anything new or having conversations with your classmates about what they have studied and how much they have studied, both of which will make you more nervous. During the exam, if you get blank after seeing difficult questions, ignore them for the time being, and attempt those you find easier. Once you have completed them, go back to the difficult ones.
1）作为中国最有意义的传统节日之一，元宵节在农历一月的15号。（significant）
2）不论我们多么忙碌，我们都会聚集在一起庆祝。（no matter）
3）通常情况下，我们会以多种形式来庆祝，从猜字谜到放烟花等。（typical; range from...to...)
4）在那天，人们欣赏着各处的灯笼，享受着节日的轻松氛围。（现在分词作状语)
5）如今，随着商家利用人们庆祝节日，节日变得越来越商业化。（with复合结构；take advantage of)
1）你的心情；
2）你的人生规划（学业、事业等方面）。
注意：
1）词数80左右；
2）可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。
Absent-mindedness
"Most events of absent-mindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room - are caused by a simple lack of attention," says Dr. Daniel Schacter, a distinguished psychologist and memory scientist. "You're supposed to remember something, but you haven't encoded it deeply."
"Encoding," Schacter explains, "is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later." Failure to encode properly can create annoying situations. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket of a jacket, for example, and don't pay attention to what you did because you're involved in a conversation, you'll probably forget where exactly you put your mobile phone. Your memory itself isn't failing you. Rather, you didn't give your memory system the information it needed.
As many people accept, women have slightly better memories than men, possibly because they pay more attention to their environment, and memory relies on just that. Yes, visual cues can help prevent absent-mindedness. But be sure the cue is clear and available. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch, put the pill bottle on the kitchen table- don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.
Lack of interest can also lead to absent-mindedness. "A man who can recite sports statistics from 30 years ago may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox," says Zelinski, a scientist from New York University. There are many cases in life where women can remember prices of bags of different brands while they tend to forget the specific place where they put their bags.
Study after study shows the most important thing deciding the quality (质 量) of the education a child receives is his teacher. Teaching has become one of the most difficult jobs today. But what makes a great teacher?
Responsible teachers set high expectations for all students. They expect that all students can achieve in their classroom, and they don't give up on those who do poorly in study.
Great teachers have clear teaching goals. They have lesson plans that give students a clear idea of what they will learn, what the homework is and what the grading standard is. Homework has learning goals and gives students enough chances to practice new skills. At the same time, they are prepared and organized. They are in their classrooms early and ready to teach. They present lessons in a clear way and instill (逐渐灌输) a hunger in their students to learn more on their own.
To become great teachers, they should engage (吸引) students and get them to look at problems in all kinds of ways. They use facts as a starting point, not an end point; they ask “why” questions, look at all sides and encourage students to imagine what will happen next. They ask questions frequently to make sure students are following along. They try to engage the whole class, and they don't allow a few students to control the class. They keep students active with many different and lively ways.
Great teachers have strong relationships with their students and show that they care about them as friends. Great teachers are warm, kind, energetic and caring. Teachers with these qualities are known to stay after school and make themselves available to students and parents who need them. They often communicate with parents. They reach parents through parent-teacher meetings and frequent written reports. They will pick up the telephone to call a parent if they are concerned about a student.
The word"ecosystem" is short for ecological system. An ecosystem is where living creatures expand within a given area. You can say that an ecosystem is the natural environment where biological organisms such as plants, animals and humans coexist in this world. So naturally that includes you and me. Yes, we are all members of an ecosystem!
There are different kinds of ecosystems depending on the type of surface or environment. Most are naturally made such as the ocean or lake and the desert or rainforest. Some are man-made or artificial to encourage cohabitation(共居) between living and non-living things in a monitored environment, such as a zoo or garden.
Plants make up the biggest group of biological creatures within an ecosystem, and that's because they are the natural food producers for everyone. Plants raised in the earth need air and collect sunlight to help them grow. When they grow, the plants and their fruits or flowers eventually become a source of food to animals, micro-organism and even humans, of course. Food is then converted to energy for the rest of us to function, and this happens in a never-ending cycle until the living creatures die and break up back in the earth.
Ecosystems are the basis of survival for all living things. We depend on plants and animals for food. In order for us to exist, we need to grow and care about other organisms. We also need to care for the non-living things within our environment like air and water so we can continue living as a population. Since plants, animals and humans are all of various species, we all play a role in maintaining the ecosystem.
To preserve our ecosystems, we should stop using too much energy, which happens when we consume more than our share of resources. Humans should not disturb the natural habitat of plants and animals, and allow them to grow healthily for the cycle to continue. Too many people in a habitat can mean displacement: imagine being thrown out of your home because there is no more space for everyone. Worse, overpopulation can also ruin the environment and cause destruction of existing plants and animals.
